Bioenergetics & ETC

Question 1

What foods have 9 kcal per gram?

Answer 1

Fats

Question 2

What foods have 7 kcal per gram?

Answer 2

Alcohol

Question 3

What foods have 4 kcal per gram?

Answer 3

Proteins and carbohydrates

Question 4

What biochemical pathway oxidizes fuels and reduces nucleotides?

Answer 4

Kreb’s cycle

Question 5

Where is the Kreb’s cycle located?

Answer 5

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 6

Name the 6 high energy compounds

Answer 6

1. Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
2. Phosphocreatine
3. 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
4. Pyrophosphate
5. Acetyl CoA
6. ATP (GTP, TTP, UTP)

Question 7

What transports large proteins in and out of the matrix and where are they located?

Answer 7

TOMS: transporters of outer membrane
TIMS: transporters of inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 8

Where are the components of oxidative phosphorylation located?

Answer 8

Inner mitochondrial membrane (ETC)

Question 9

What is the energy produced by electron transport used for?

Answer 9

To pump protons out into the inner mitochondrial space

Question 10

What is another name for the electron transport chain?

Answer 10

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 11

What enzyme discharges the proton gradient to produce ATP

Answer 11

ATP synthase/ complex V

Question 12

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport?

Answer 12

O2

Question 13

What reduced nucleotide enters at complex I?

Answer 13

NADH

Question 14

What enzyme is at complex I?

Answer 14

NADH-Q reductase

Question 15

Where does complex I send electrons?

Answer 15

CoQ 10

Question 16

What electron carriers are in complex I?

Answer 16

FMN, iron-sulfur box

Question 17

What does NADH need in order to enter the mitochondria from the cytoplasm?

Answer 17

A shuttle

Question 18

What shuttle does NADH use in skeletal muscle?

Answer 18

Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle

Question 19

What is the letter for Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle?

Answer 19

G

Question 20

What is NADH converted to by the G shuttle?

Answer 20

FADH2

Question 21

What complex does the G shuttle act like?

Answer 21

Complex II

Question 22

What electron carriers are in complex G?

Answer 22

Iron-sulfur box

Question 23

What shuttle does NADH use in the heart and liver?

Answer 23

Malate-aspartate shuttle

Question 24

What is the enzyme for the Malate-aspartate shuttle?

Answer 24

AST/SGOT

Question 25

What reduced nucleotide enters in complex II?

Answer 25

FADH2

Question 26

What enzyme is at complex II?

Answer 26

Succinate dehydrogenase

Question 27

What electron carriers are in complex II?

Answer 27

Iron-sulfur box

Question 28

What reduced nucleotide does complex F produce?

Answer 28

FADH2

Question 29

What electron carrier is found at complex F?

Answer 29

Iron-sulfur box

Question 30

Where does complex F transfer electrons?

Answer 30

CoQ 10

Question 31

What is the location of ubiquinone?

Answer 31

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 32

What is ubiquinone the start molecule for?

Answer 32

Common pathway

Question 33

Which complexes does ubiquinone accept electrons from?

Answer 33

Complex I, II, G, F, malate aspartate

Question 34

What is another name for ubiquinone?

Answer 34

CoQ 10

Question 35

What enzyme is at complex III?

Answer 35

Ubiquinone-cytochrome c reductase

Question 36

What electron carriers are in complex III

Answer 36

Iron-sulfur box, cytochromes b and C1

Question 37

Where does complex III send electrons?

Answer 37

Cytochrome c

Question 38

Where is cytochrome c?

Answer 38

Outer surface of inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 39

What happens to cytochrome c at low membrane potentials?

Answer 39

Released from inner membrane into cytosol

Question 40

What is the consequence of cytochrome c being released from the inner membrane into the cytosol?

Answer 40

Induced apoptosis

Question 41

Where does cytochrome c send electrons?

Answer 41

Complex IV

Question 42

What enzyme is at complex IV?

Answer 42

Cytochrome c oxidase

Question 43

What mineral does cytochrome c oxidase require?

Answer 43

Copper

Question 44

What electron carriers are at complex IV?

Answer 44

Cytochrome a

Question 45

Where does complex IV send electrons?

Answer 45

To oxygen

Question 46

What do electrons sent to oxygen produce?

Answer 46

Water

Question 47

What is the allosteric enzyme of the ETC?

Answer 47

Cytochrome c oxidase

Question 48

Does the ETC make ATP?

Answer 48

No

Question 49

What complex contains the allosteric enzyme?

Answer 49

Complex IV

Question 50

Which complexes pump protons out of the matrix and into the intermembranous space?

Answer 50

I, III, IV

Question 51

What is another name for ATP synthase?

Answer 51

Complex V

Question 52

Which way does ATP synthase transport electrons?

Answer 52

Intermembranous space to the matrix

Question 53

What is another turn for ATP synthase transporting electrons from the intermembranous space to the matrix?

Answer 53

Discharging gradient

Question 54

What is the name of the method used by ATP synthase to make ATP?

Answer 54

Proton motive force

Question 55

How many ATPs are produced by NADH without heat?

Answer 55

3

Question 56

How many protons are produced by NADH with heat?

Answer 56

2.5

Question 57

At what complex does the ETC start for NADH producing ATP?

Answer 57

Complex I

Question 58

How many ATPs are produced by FADH2 without heat?

Answer 58

2

Question 59

How many ATPs are produced by FADH2 with heat?

Answer 59

1.5

Question 60

At what complex does the ETC start for FADH2 to produce ATP?

Answer 60

Complex II

Question 61

What is another name for UCP 1?

Answer 61

Thermogenin

Question 62

What is the function of UCP I?

Answer 62

Provide heat

Question 63

How many ATPs does UCP 1 require to provide heat?

Answer 63

0.5

Question 64

Which way does UCP 1 transport electrons?

Answer 64

Intermembranous space to the matrix

Question 65

What inhibits complex I?

Answer 65

Rotenone

Question 66

What inhibits complex III?

Answer 66

Antimycin A

Question 67

What inhibits complex IV?

Answer 67

CO and cyanide

Question 68

Which complex inhibitor is the most dangerous?

Answer 68

CO and cyanide

Question 69

What can inhibit the ADP-ATP translocase in the mitochondria?

Answer 69

Plant and mold toxins

Question 70

How is mitochondrial DNA inherited?

Answer 70

Maternally