Glucose Homeostasis

Question 1

What is the normal level of blood glucose?

Answer 1

About 80-110/100 ml

Question 2

Alpha cells from pancreas respond to____

Answer 2

Hypoglycemia

Question 3

What hormone is released by alpha cells of the pancreas?

Answer 3

Glucagon

Question 4

Glucagon targets…

Answer 4

Liver and adipose

Question 5

Glucagon in the liver increases which pathways?

Answer 5

Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, beta oxidation of fats (termed ketogenesis)

Question 6

Glucagon in adipose increases which pathway?

Answer 6

Lipolysis

Question 7

What does the hypothalamus respond to?

Answer 7

Hypoglycemia plus exercise or sleep

Question 8

What hormone does the hypothalamus release?

Answer 8

Growth hormone

Question 9

growth hormone targets which organs?

Answer 9

Liver and muscle (which responds to somatomedin C and GH)

Question 10

What happens to growth hormone in the liver?

Answer 10

GH is converted to insulin like growth factor 1 AKA somatomedin C

Question 11

What pathways are increased by growth hormone in muscle?

Answer 11

Increases amino acid uptake, protein synthesis, and beta oxidation fats

Question 12

What pathways are decreased by growth hormone in muscle?

Answer 12

Decreases protein breakdown and carbohydrate metabolism

Question 13

What does the adrenal medulla respond to?

Answer 13

Hypoglycemia plus acute stress

Question 14

What hormone is released by the adrenal medulla?

Answer 14

Epinephrine

Question 15

Where are the target organs of epinephrine?

Answer 15

The liver, adipose, and muscle

Question 16

What pathways are increased by epinephrine in the liver?

Answer 16

Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, Beta oxidation of fats termed ketogenesis

Question 17

What pathways are increased by epinephrine in adipose?

Answer 17

Lipolysis

Question 18

What pathways are increased by epinephrine in muscle?

Answer 18

Glycogenolysis, Kreb’s cycle, beta oxidation of fats

Question 19

What does the adrenal cortex respond to?

Answer 19

Chronic stress and does not need hypoglycemia to be released

Question 20

What hormone does the adrenal cortex release?

Answer 20

Cortisol

Question 21

What pathways are increased by cortisol in the liver?

Answer 21

Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and beta oxidation of fats (ketogenesis)

Question 22

What pathway is increased by cortisol in adipose?

Answer 22

Lipolysis

Question 23

What affect does cortisol have on muscle?

Answer 23

Blocks the Glut 4 transporter

Question 24

Hypoglycemia causes the release of which hormones?

Answer 24

Glucagon, growth hormone, epinephrine, and cortisol

Question 25

Hyperglycemia causes the release of which hormones?

Answer 25

Insulin and somatostatin

Question 26

What do beta cells of the pancreas respond to?

Answer 26

Hyperglycemia

Question 27

What hormone do beta cells of the pancreas release?

Answer 27

Insulin

Question 28

What pathways are increased by insulin in the liver?

Answer 28

Glycogenesis, glycolysis, triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis, cholesterol synthesis

Question 29

What affect does insulin have on adipose?

Answer 29

Stimulates Glut 4 transporter and glucose enters TAG storage

Question 30

What affect does insulin have on muscle?

Answer 30

Stimulates Glut 4 transporter and glucose enters Increased glycogenesis, glycolysis, Kreb's, electron transport

Question 31

What do delta cells from pancreas respond to?

Answer 31

Hyperglycemia

Question 32

What hormone is released by delta cells from pancreas?

Answer 32

Somatostatin

Question 33

What organs are targeted by insulin?

Answer 33

Liver, adipose, and muscle

Question 34

What organs are targeted by somatostatin?

Answer 34

Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Question 35

What is the effect of somatostatin on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?

Answer 35

Decreases release of GHRH and growth hormone

Question 36

Name 2 cycles that raise blood glucose

Answer 36

Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis

Question 37

What five components are involved in the regulation of blood sugar?

Answer 37

Brain, RBC, liver, muscle, adipose tissue

Question 38

Which of the components involved in regulation of blood sugar have an absolute requirement for glucose?

Answer 38

Brain and RBC

Question 39

What glucose transporter do the brain and RBC use?

Answer 39

Glut-1 insulin independent

Question 40

What glucose transporter does the liver use?

Answer 40

Glut-2 insulin independent

Question 41

What glucose transporter do muscle and adipose tissue use?

Answer 41

Glut-4 insulin dependent

Question 42

Which glucose transporter allows glucose in and out?

Answer 42

Glut-2 insulin independent

Question 43

Which way do Glut-1 insulin independent and Glut-4 insulin dependent transporters allow glucose to go?

Answer 43

In only