Bioenergetics (pdbio exam 3)

Question 1

What is energy?

Answer 1

the ability to promote change or do work

Question 2

What are the two forms of energy? Describe them

Answer 2

Kinetic energy - associated with movement

Potential energy - due to structure or location

Question 3

What is chemical energy?

Answer 3

The energy in molecular bonds, it is a form of potential energy

Question 4

How does breaking down internal energy stores from chemical bonds generate energy?

Answer 4

Flow of Electrons

Question 5

Flow of electrons =

Answer 5

Power!

Question 6

What is a redox reaction

Answer 6

when an electron is removed from one molecule and is added to another

Question 7

Oxidation is when…

Answer 7

a molecule loses an electron

Question 8

Reduction is when…

Answer 8

a molecule gains an electron

Question 9

Energy lost/gained during oxidation?

Answer 9

lost

Question 10

Energy lost/gained during reduction?

Answer 10

gained

Question 11

What is the ultimate oxidizing agent?

Answer 11

Oxygen

Question 12

ATP is oxidized into _____ as it is used

Answer 12

oxidized, ATP > ADP + energy

Question 13

The oxidation of what generates ATP?

Answer 13

The oxidation of sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids generates ATP

Question 14

Every time a molecule gets oxidized, …

Answer 14

another must be reduced!

Question 15

What are the intermediates called that carry electrons between reactions to other molecules?

Answer 15

electron carriers

Question 16

Some examples of electron carriers?

Answer 16

NADH, NADPH, and FADH2

Question 17

An elements atomic # represents what?

Answer 17

Its # of protons

Question 18

What occurs during all chemical reactions?

Answer 18

Chemical bonds are broken or formed

Question 19

When water ionizes, it produces what ions?

Answer 19

H+ and OH-

Question 20

pH is defined as the negative logarithm to the base 10 of the ______ ion concentration.

Answer 20

hydrogen

Question 21

Living organisms minimize changes in their internal pH using compounds called…

Answer 21

buffers

Question 22

The hydrogen bonds between water molecules form between …

Answer 22

an oxygen atom on one water molecule and a hydrogen atom on a second water molecule

Question 23

What are some common features of chemical reactions? (4)

Answer 23

Many chemical reactions that occur in cells require catalysts, chemical reactions proceed toward equilibrium, chemical reactions cease when they reach equilibrium, chemical reactions require a source of energy.

Question 24

Chloroplasts take CO2 and make _____ using the energy of the sun.

Answer 24

glucose

Question 25

Mitochondria metabolize glucose to isolate the energy required to produce the majority of the ____ produced by cells.

Answer 25

ATP

Question 26

The vast majority of ATP produced by cellular respiration is produced by processes that take place in the ...

Answer 26

mitochondria.

Question 27

A result of _____ gradients are produced by active transport when electrons are transferred between protein complexes and embedded in the ETC.

Answer 27

H+ gradients

Question 28

The primary electron carrier in cellular respiration is _____.

Answer 28

NADH

Question 29

Process by which CO2 is made into glucose using the power of sunlight

Answer 29

Photosynthesis

Question 30

What are the two sets of reactions that occur in photosynthesis? Describe them.

Answer 30

Light-dependent reactions: create chemical energy and in the process make oxygen gas from water Light-independent reactions: take the chemical energy produced by the light-dependent reactions and use it to make glucose from CO2

Question 31

Each stage of cellular respiration produces ATP, but the _____ produces more than the others.

Answer 31

ETC

Question 32

If oxygen isn't present, the process won't proceed beyond _____. Instead, the products of glycolysis will go through _____ and be stored until oxygen's available. When oxygen is available, glycolysis and the ______ will not only produce ATP, but will also churn out a great deal of electron carriers _____ and _____ which processes to the _____ and are used to create a _____. Protons then travel through ______.

Answer 32

``` glycolysis fermentation Kreb's cycle NADH & FADH2 ETC proton (or hydrogen ion) gradient ATP synthase ```