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Hist 202 > Cellular Respiration (pdbio exam 3) > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration (pdbio exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells metabolize _____.

A

glucose

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2
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2&raquo_space; 6C02 + 6H2O + energy

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3
Q

What elements are oxidized in cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 oxidized to CO2

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4
Q

What elements are reduced in cellular respiration?

A

6O2 is reduced to 6H2O

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5
Q

What are the 4 metabolic pathways of cellular respiration? briefly describe

A
  1. glycolysis: glucose (6C) is broken down to pyruvate (3C)
  2. pyruvate oxidation: (3C) pyruvate is oxidized to form acetyl CoA (2C)
  3. krebs cycle: Acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2
  4. chemiosmosis (oxidative phosphorylation): compounds that were reduced in steps 1-3 are oxidized in reactions leading to ATP production
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6
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

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7
Q

What happens in glycolysis?
Products?
ATP production?

A

6C sugar is broken down into 2 pyruvate (3C).
2NADH and 2ATP
Process requires 2 ATP, and 4 ATP is formed, therefore there is a net production of 2 ATP.

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8
Q

Which metabolic pathway can occur without oxygen?

A

Glycolysis

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9
Q

What happens in pyruvate oxidation?
Products?
ATP production?

A

2 pyruvate are transferred to the mitochondrial matrix. Pyruvate loses a carbon in the form of CO2 and the remaining two carbons are attached to a coenzyme creating acetyl CoA.
Products are 2 NADH and 2 CO2
ATP production = 0

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10
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

A

the mitochondrial matrix

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11
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

The mitochondrial matrix

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12
Q

What happens in the Krebs cycle?
Products?
ATP production?

A

Acetyl is removed from Acetyl CoA and attacked to oxaloacetate to form citrate (aka citric acid). Through multiple oxidation redox reactions, a carbon is released one at a time.
Products in total are 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6NADH, and 2 FADH2.
ATP production = 2 ATP total

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13
Q

Excess glucose can be polymerized into….

A

starch/glycogen

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14
Q

Excess acetyl CoA can be used in metabolic pathways to generate…

A

fats and phospholipids

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15
Q

If more of any products used in glycolysis or the Krebs cycle are added…

A

more downstream products will be produced

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16
Q

Where does chemiosmosis take place?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

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17
Q

What happens during chemiosmosis?
Products?
ATP production?

A

High energy electrons are removed from NADH and FADH2 to make ATP. THIS PROCESS REQUIRES OXYGEN. Electrons are oxidized through multiple protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane in a linear manner. The movement of electrons generates an H+ electrochemical gradient between membranes ending finally with OXYGEN. Protons pass through the ATP synthase in a rotary motion that makes ATP as it spins. NADH oxidation makes most of the ATP.
Products: ATP
ATP production: depends on the H+ pushed through the ATP synthase - the greater concentration gradient = more ATP made

18
Q

What is the net yield of ATP?

A

Varies on the textbook, but 30 - 34 ATP

19
Q

Why does the net yield of ATP differ?

A

Because NADH is also used in anabolic pathways and H+ gradients for other purposes

20
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?

A

Oxygen

21
Q

What happens if oxygen isn’t available?

A

Fermentation

22
Q

Without oxygen, cells must find another way to turn ____ back to ____

A

NADH, NAD+

23
Q

What are the two principle forms of fermentation?

A
  1. lactic acid fermentation

2. alcohol fermentation

24
Q

What is the equation for lactic acid fermentation?

Where does it occur?

A

pyruvate + NADH&raquo_space; lactic acid + NAD+

Occurs in humans

25
Q

What is the equation for alcohol fermentation?

Where does it occur?

A

pyruvate + NADH&raquo_space; ethyl alcohol + NAD+ + CO2

Occurs in yeasts

26
Q

What is the primary source/substrate for cellular respiration?

A

Carbohydrates (glucose)

27
Q

What are alternative sources/substrates for cellular respiration?

A

Fats and proteins

28
Q

During glycolysis, one molecule of ____ is broken down in to two molecules of pyruvate, driving the synthesis of ATP.

A

glucose

29
Q

As a result of the reactions of the citric acid cycle, the carbons from acetyl CoA are released as ____.

A

CO2

30
Q

During oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis is coupled to…

A

the removal of high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2

31
Q

The structural components of the ETC include:

A

protein complexes and small organic molecules

32
Q

During oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is produced by the enzyme ____

A

ATP synthase

33
Q

In the 1st reaction of the citric acid cycle, oxaloacetate, which contains ____ carbons, is combined with acetyl CoA, which contains ____ carbons in its acetyl group, to produce citric acid which contains ____ carbons.

A

4
2
6

34
Q

When electrons are transferred to oxygen in the final step of the ETC, a mole of ___ is produced.

A

H2O

35
Q

The flow of electrons through the ETC is ____.

A

exergonic

36
Q

In eukaryotic cells, the ETC is located in the:

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

37
Q

During the chemical reactions of oxidative phosphorylation ____ is oxidized and ___ is produced.

A

NADH is oxidized

ATP is produced

38
Q

T/F: The flow of electrons through the ETC requires an input of energy.

A

False

39
Q

Which molecules are used as energy sources by living organisms?

A

sugars, amino acids, fatty acids

40
Q

In aerobic respiration O2 is reduced to ____.

A

H20

41
Q

Feedback Inhibition: When ATP concentrations are high, glycolysis…
When ATP concentrations are low, gylcolysis…

A

shuts down

continues

Hist 202 (11 decks)

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