BIOEPI - MIDTERM Flashcards by Karyle Lacanaria

A snapshot of the health experience of the population at a specified time refers to which type of epidemiologic study?

Cross-sectional study

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conduct health assessment at restaurants and growing, processing, manufacturing and retail facilities.

Environmental specialists

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give instruction on the collection, handling and transport of specimens and follow up testing

Laboratorians

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interview cases to gather exposure data to identify potential sources of infection.

Epidemiologists

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investigates the benefits, risks and use of drugs.

Pharmacoepidemiology

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is a false negative error.

Type II error

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is a false positive error.

Type I error

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is when a measure of association, such as a risk ratio, changes over values of some other variable but can answer a research question and can help identify susceptible or vulnerable populations.

Effect measure modification

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provide the fastest and current form of information.

Social media

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provide the most in-depth coverage of a topic.

Reference Books

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A community assesses a random sample of its residents by telephone questionnaire.
Obesity is strongly associated with diagnosed diabetes. This study design is best described as which one of the following:

Cross-sectional

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A good surveillance system should provide information about:

-How rapidly infection is spreading.
-Who is infected.
-Where the infected individuals are.

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A published study follows a large group of women in country Y with untreated dysplasia (presence of abnormal cells within a tissue or organ) of the uterine cervix, documenting the number who improve, stay unchanged, or progress into cervical cancer. This study design is best described as which one of the following:

Descriptive, observational

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ABS-CBN Headline on April 6, 2021: Philippines 50th country with most COVID- 19 shots administered: official

-This type of information is available within days from time of announcement.
-The data provided in this headline is qualitative (ordinal).
-This information in itself is incomplete and does not give a clear picture of the country’s immunization effort.

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An outbreak is the same as an epidemic.

True

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Based on a list of residents from election rolls, 2/3 of men in a large city are invited (including repeated educational urgings) and 1/3 of men are not invited to be screened by prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood test for prostate cancer. Over the next 10 years the two groups are compared as to the rate of death from prostate cancer. This study design is best described as which one of the following:

Experimental

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Dispensing a sample from a pipette too quickly is an example of a () error.

Random error

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Early in an outbreak, surveillance tends to focus more on symptomatic patients who seek care, so milder and asymptomatic cases are less likely to be detected, leading to () of case fatality rate (CFR).

Over estimation

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Examples of these are Time, Newsweek and People.

Weekly magazines

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In a case-control study of alcohol intake and bladder cancer, cases and matched controls are each interviewed by interviewers who are not blinded as to whether the subject is a case or a control. Many of the interviewers are in fact convinced that drinking alcohol is a cause of bladder cancer. Is this likely to represent a bias?

Yes, and would predispose to a rejection of the null hypothesis.

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In January 2015 there was an outbreak of illnesses caused by a specific and unusual strain of Clostridium perfringens in the 3 towns of country X. As part of the investigation of this outbreak, field epidemiologists checked the food histories of 30 patients infected with the outbreak strain and compared them with the food histories of 30 patients infected with other Clostridium strains. This study design is best described as which one of the following:

Analytical, observational, case-control

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Information given may be incomplete, false or biased.

Social media

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Information literacy is not a basic human right. (UNESCO)

False

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Information published are written by experts, well-researched and objective.

Scholarly journals

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One method to account for the overestimation of deaths caused by a novel infectious disease is to remove from the analysis those cases that occurred before the establishment of robust surveillance, including application of clear case definitions.

True

One simple solution to mitigating the bias due to delays to case resolution during an ongoing outbreak is to restrict the analysis to resolved cases (affected individuals either died or recovered).

True

Reliable Case Fatality Rates (CFRs) that can be used to assess the deadliness of an outbreak and evaluate any implemented public health measures are generally obtained at the end of an outbreak, after all cases have been resolved (affected individuals either died or recovered).

True

Results of surveillance should be distributed to:

-The public -The data collectors -Decision makers

The goal of the Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is to assess potential future impacts of projects, plans, strategies, and policies on health on a population, particularly on vulnerable or disadvantaged groups.

True

The Philippines aims to vaccinate up to 70 million people this year. The 854,063 people inoculated so far represents about 1.22 of the target. (ABS-CBN report, April 6, 2021). From the data provided, we can compute for the percent of the total population to be vaccinated.

False

These errors relate to the incorrect conclusions about the null hypothesis

Both Type I and II errors

This type of error has no pattern.

Random error

This type of error is difficult to detect but can be avoided.

Systematic error

Which of the following are goals of vaccination?

-Prevent infection -Prevent transmission -Prevent disease

How will the following conditions affect the case fatality rate (CFR) estimate of an infectious disease like SARS-2. Match with the correct answer: If people sick with the disease typically die longer than they recover, there can be a/an () of CFR.

Underestimation

If people sick with the disease typically die quicker than they recover, there can be a/an () of CFR.

Overestimation

CFR calculated using the [deaths caused by the disease plus the number of recovered from disease] as denominator during ongoing epidemics provides a conditional, estimate of CFR and is influenced by lags in report dates for cases and deaths. This leads to a wide variation in CFR estimates over the course of an epidemic, which tends toward () of CFR as active cases are resolved.

True Estimation

During an ongoing epidemic, some of the active cases already detected may subsequently die, leading to () of CFR estimated before their death.

Underestimation

Match with the correct answer. The skills of speaking and writing

Communication

The ability to think in an organized and rational manner

Critical Thinking

A collaborative effort of a group to achieve a common goal.

Teamwork

It is the ability to analyze public health information.

Analytical skills

The right and wrong of human conduct.

Ethical Reasoning

The ability to use and create information effectively to achieve one’s personal, social, occupational and educational goals.

Information Literacy

It is also called numeracy.

Quantitative Literacy

Involves systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.

Scientific method

It is the ability to access, interpret, and critically evaluate primary medical literature.

Research Literacy

Match with the correct answer. A study examining the prevalence of cancer amongst a defined population.

Cross sectional

A study conducted under controlled conditions.

Experimental

A study to find out whether a risk factor will result to an outcome

Cohort

A study to find out if an outcome is associated with a risk factor

Case-control

Which of the following statements describe population density? 1. The number of people who live in an area. 2. It defines the level of economic development in the area. 3. The figure is shown in per square mile. 4. It is computed by dividing the total area by population

1, 3, 4

This health indicator component is described in terms of size and scope of services and products delivered:

Output indicator

Which of the following is an example of mortality indicator?

Case fatality rate

Selection of non-representative samples in an epidemiologic study will result to this type of error:

Bias

Which of the following utilizes the counts of birth and death in a time period?

Rate of natural increase in population

The persistent prevalence of a disease in a population within a specific area is termed as:

Endemic

All of the following are essential in establishing causation, except:

Survey results

It is considered as the archetype for all epidemiologic studies:

Cohort study

Biological variability is an example of which error in data collection?

Subject error

All of the following are true with population pyramid, except:

a special form of histogram

Outbreak investigation is conducted to:

-assess effectivity of existing health programs -address liability concerns -assess the range and extent of an outbreak

Which type of screening test generally improves the specificity of the procedure?

Sequential test

All of the following are true with Control measures, except:

targets to lessen the burden/effects of disease

In this epidemiologic study, study groups are designed based on the presence/absence of the disease:

Case-Control study

This validity measure refers to the proportion of individuals labelled negative by the test among those without the disease:

Specificity

Which of the following is least likely to be a result of long-term low fertility within a population?

rising median age

All of the following affect the population structure, except:

Socioeconomic aspect

A prevalence difference of 1.0 indicates:

prevalence of disease is higher among exposed than unexposed

Which health indicator based on time covered by the event is useful when monitoring incidence of diseases during an outbreak?

Point in time

Which of the following measures the number of individuals who have the disease at the time of assessment?

Prevalence proportion

The actual difference in between 2 census expressed in % refers to as:

Relative increase in population

All of the following are essential must knows before undergoing an outbreak investigation, except:

none of the choices

-laboratory tests availability -clinical manifestations of the disease -data collection procedures -the epidemiologic triangle An outbreak of typhoid fever may be classified as which type of epidemic based on epidemic curve?

Mixed

A clinical disease classification may be useful in the diagnosis of:

-Diabetes -Cancer

In cross sectional studies, this value measures the degree of relationship between the exposure and outcome:

-Odds ratio -Prevalence ratio

All of the following variables are classified as “labels”, except:

Disease incidence

Which level of prevention aims to test asymptomatic individuals for early detection and treatment of a disease?

Secondary

Reproducibility of results indicates that the data collected is

Reliable

The most basic description of population composition includes:

Age

Imposing laws or policies to prevent diseases is an example of which level of prevention?

Primordial

What is the last important step in outbreak investigation?

communication of results

A variable which are difficult to measure directly are indicated as:

Proxy

The population is described as dense when:

the area is crowded

An ideal screening test should not be:

lavish

The removal of the root cause of a disease so it does not recur is under which scope of control measures?

Eradication of disease

Among the following notifiable diseases, which of them belongs to Category 1?

Neonatal tetanus

Which of the following is/are true in defining a case?

-includes person, place and time -standardizes outbreak investigation -utilizes a set of criteria

Which of the following values is most commonly used in public health?

Absolute number

It refers to the study of the size, territorial distribution, and composition of the population.

Demography

Given the following data, compute for the Sensitivity of the test: (+) results among those with the disease: 190 (-) results among those without the disease: 10 (+) result among those without the disease: 1 (-) results among those without the disease: 49

95%

Given the following data, compute for the Absolute Increase in the population. CENSUS 2015: 83,205,120 2017: 88,100,722

2,447,801