Bioethics Flashcards by Ann Mae

8 virtues of healthcare provider

Fidelity
 Honesty
 Integrity
 Humility
 Respect
 Compassion
 Prudence
 Courage

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The faculty of the
human person to
choose what is good
against what is deemed
to be bad or evil

Vitues

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-Derived from the
Latin word fidelitas
which means
faithfulness
- Faithfulness to
one’s
obligations,
duties and
responsibilities

Fidelity

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*Derived from the Latin word honestus which
means honor
*A nurse is supposed to be sincere, truthful,
straightforward, decent, comely (pleasing
appearance), tidy, open, upright, virtuous,
trustworthy, fair, honorable, creditable, and
of good moral character
*A nurse should not cheat or steal anything
from his/her patient

Honesty

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*Comes from the Latin word enteros
which means whole
*Makes a human person complete
*A nurse practices integrity when he/she
does his/her duties and obligations
according to the beliefs, principles, and
values he/she claims to embrace
*Free from hypocrisy.

Integrity

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It does not mean that one
has to think less of himself/herself;
rather, it invites one to think of
himself/herself less.
*A nurse ceases to think of his/her
own needs as he/she transcends
his/her attention to the needs of the
patients

Humility

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*An act through which one takes notice of
others
*Regard other with special attention,
esteem, and care, or to consider other
worthy of esteem and honor
*Patients are also bound to respect nurses
*Acknowledge the feelings, beliefs,
convictions, status, and condition of the
patient

Respect

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A feeling of deep sympathy
and sorrow for someone struck
by misfortune, accompanied by
a desire to alleviate the
suffering
*Nurses should be sensitive to
their patients

Compassion

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*An exercise of good judgment,
common sense, and caution in the
conduct of practical matters
*The overarching virtue that ties
together discretion, foresight,
forethought, and circumspection
*Being careful to avoid embarrassing
and distressing situations

Prudence

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*The quality of mind or spirit
that enables a person to face
difficulty, danger, and pain
without fear
*Nurses are expected to be bold
in undertaking a very sensitive
job

Courage

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*The quality of mind or spirit
that enables a person to face
difficulty, danger, and pain
without fear
*Nurses are expected to be bold
in undertaking a very sensitive
job

Courage

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Derived from the Latin word
vitium which means failing or
defect
*The product of a repeated sinful
act
*Immoral, depraved, or degrading
act to all the members in a given
society
*Defect, infirmity, fault, iniquity,
offence, wickedness or corruption

Vices

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*False representation of fact
*Deliberate deceit; trickery; an intentional perversion of
truth for the purpose of inducing another in reliance
upon it to part with some valuable thing belonging to
him, or surrender a legal right

Fraud

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*A feeling of gratification arising from
association with something good or
laudable
*A high or inordinate opinion of one’s own
dignity, importance, merit, or superiority;
conceit; arrogance
*Egoism or vanity and often apply to
offensive characteristics

Pride

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*Comes from the Latin word
avaritia which means avarice or
covetousness
*Excessive desire for wealth or
possessions

Greed

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habits of being;
connatural qualities
● those that arise out of
the nature and structure
of ourselves, that are
necessary parts or
propensities arising from
our constitution

Entitative Habit

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habits of acting;
tendencies we have
developed in ourselves
from repeated acts
those that can be
acquired or relinquished
It can be a good or bad
habit

Operative Habit

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▪ Only GOD can create life; humans
are capable only of manipulating or
destroying it.
▪ Along with the gift of LIFE, GOD
also gave intellect (to discover the
truth) and freedom (humans
became creative).

Stewardship

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“Humans are the
shepherds of being in the world”

Martin Heidegger

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Pursues the issue of the dignity of
the whole person, in essence of
the integrity of human life.
▪ Demands respect for the self and
respect for others.
▪ Respect is never a cause but always
an effect

Totality

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Totality’s Golden Rule:

“Do unto others what you want others
do unto you.”

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sine qua non

something essential

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Refers to the duty to preserve
intact the physical component of
the integrated bodily and spiritual
nature of human life.

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Totality

These principles dictate that the
well-being of the whole person
must be taken into account in
deciding about any therapeutic
intervention or use of technology.

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Totality and Integrity

St. Thomas Aquinas recognized that there are times when the action one thinks one ought to do will have good and bad effects.

Double Effect Act

* Indirect Voluntariness, or voluntary in causa, refers to an act desired not as an end in itself but as a foreseen effect or consequence of an act.

Double Effect Act

Developed as a way of helping individuals discern how to properly avoid, limit, or distance themselves from evil (especially intrinsic evil) in order to avoid a worse evil or to achieve an important good.

Cooperation

▪ Occurs when a person or organization freely participates in the action(s) of a principal agent, or shares in the agent’s intention, either for its own sake or as a means to some other goal.

Formal Cooperation

▪ Occurs when the cooperator participates in circumstances that are essential to the commission of an act, such that the act could not occur without his participation. ▪ in intrinsically evil actions is morally illicit.

Immediate Material Cooperation

Occurs when the cooperator participates in circumstances that are not essential to the commission of an action, such that the action could occur even without this cooperation.

Mediate Material Cooperation

▪ Invites us to consider the “how we relate to each other in community.” ▪ It assumes that we recognize that we are a part of at least one family – our biological family, our local community, or our national community – but then challenges us to consider the full range of relationships with others. * Requires us to consider an extended community, and to act in such a way that reflects concern for the well-being of others.

Solidarity

* Holds that one is obliged to preserve his or her own life by making use of ordinary means, but is under no obligation to use extraordinary means.

Proportionate and Disproportionate

Any treatment that, in the given circumstances and in the judgment of the patient or the patient’s surrogate, offers a reasonable hope of benefit and is not too burdensome for the patient or others

Proportionate

Any treatment that, in the given circumstances and in the judgment of the patient or the patient’s surrogate, either offers no reasonable hope of benefit or is too burdensome for the patient or others.

Disproportionate

Consists of all the conditions of society and the goods secured by those conditions, which allow individuals to achieve human and spiritual flourishing. ▪ The human community must be actively concerned in promoting the health and welfare of every one of its members so that each member can contribute to the common good of all.

Common Good

Three essential elements of common good:

* Respect for persons. * Social welfare. * Peace and security.

Requires those in positions of authority to recognize that individuals have a right to participate in decisions that directly affect them, in accord with their dignity and with their responsibility to the common good.

Subsidiarity

are defined as basis for nurse’s decisions on consideration of consequences and of universal moral principles when making clinical judgments

Ethical Principles

What are the primary and basic ethical principles:

* Respect for autonomy * Nonmaleficence * Beneficience * Justice

The secondary ethical principles that can be incorporated with the primary principles when interpreting ethical issues and making clinical decisions are the following:

* Veracity * Confidentiality * Fidelity

According to -------- the most fundamental principle of professional behavior is the respect for persons. This principle not only applies to the clinical settings but to all life’s situations.

American Nurses Association (ANA),

This principle emphasizes that all people should treat others as a worthy individual.

Respect for persons

is a method that promotes and respects a person’s autonomy.

Informed consent

* Any notion of moral decision-making assumes that rational agents are involved in making informed and voluntary decisions. * The capacity to act intentionally, with understanding, and without controlling influences that would mitigate against a free and voluntary act.

Autonomy

* Patients are informed of the possible outcomes, alternatives, and risks of treatments, and are required to give their consent freely * Assures the legal protection of patient’s right to personal autonomy in regard to specific treatments and procedures

Informed consent

Translates to professionals who restrict others’ autonomy, usually to protect that person from perceived or anticipated harm. – There must be a sufficient reason why the autonomy of the individual must be restricted. * It is appropriate when a patient is incompetent and has diminished decision-making capacity

Paternalism

* The duty of health care providers to be of a benefit to the patient, as well as to take positive steps to prevent and to remove harm from the patient. * Applied both to individual patients, and to the society as a whole. * Abstain from injuring others. * Practice of doing good deeds, or showing kindness & charity to others. * Taking actions that will promote the welfare of other people.

Beneficence

Three major components of Beneficence:

Do or promote good Prevent harm Remove evil or harm

* DO NO HARM. * It is the duty to help others further their important and legitimate interests when we can do so with minimal risk to ourselves. * Requires that we do not intentionally create a needless harm or injury to the patient, either through acts of commission or omission.

nonmaleficence

* Defined as a form of fairness, or as Aristotle once said, "Giving to each that which is his due.”

Justice

Veracity – duty to tell the truth * Confidentiality – duty to respect privileged information * Fidelity – duty to keep promises

secondary basis of ethical principles

what is right or wrong for a person as a member of a certain professional or social group

professional ethics

*Loaded with a lot of sensitivities and vulnerabilities since it deals with LIFE *Respects both the issues of life and death

Healthcare profession

▪states that people should adhere to their obligations and duties when engaged in decision making when ethics are in play. ▪means that a person will follow his or her obligations to another individual or society because upholding one’s duty is what is considered ethically correct.

Deontology

It is this emphasis on duty that earns them the name “deontological”, which is derived from the Greek word “deon” for “duty” or “obligation”.

Deontology

Bioethics Flashcards

(55 cards)