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Biosci 3110: BME > Bioinstrumentation/Biosensing > Flashcards

Bioinstrumentation/Biosensing Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Membrane potential

A

charge separation due to the unequal distribution of ions (can also be called voltage)

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2
Q

Active transport proteins

A

open temporarily in response to stimuli

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3
Q

Passive transport proteins

A

always open

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4
Q

Ion pump

A

transport protein that requires external energy

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5
Q

Electric field lines of an electric field

A

charges placed on an electric field line will move along it, attracted by one charge and repelled by the other (solid, curve towards midline)

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6
Q

Equipotential lines of an electric field

A

the charge in voltage along an equipotential line is zero

such lines are always perpendicular to the electric field lines

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7
Q

Trinity of an electric field

A

charge, electric field, potential difference

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8
Q

Equation for resting potential (Vm)

A

Vm = Vi - Vo which is about -60 mV

Vi is intracellular, Vo is extracellular

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9
Q

What are the two mechanisms of ion distribution?

A

Drift and diffusion

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10
Q

Describe drift (ion distribution)

A

motion of charge carriers due to force exerted by electric field

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11
Q

Describe diffusion (ion distribution)

A

process of particles distributing themselves from regions of high concentration to those of low concentration

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12
Q

Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium

A

calculation of potential with two ions

charge neutrality condition -> total positive charges need to equal total negative charges

[X+]o/[X+]i = [X-]i/[X-]o

[X+]o[X-]o = [X+]i[X-]i

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13
Q

Dendrite

A

neurotransmitter receptor, responds to chemical stimulus and converts it to electricity

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14
Q

Synaptic junction

A

neurotransmitter producer, electric to chemical transduction

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15
Q

EEG stands for and description

A

electroencephalogram

electrophysiological brain activity recorded over scalp

Passive

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16
Q

Pacemaker cell

A

cells that create rhythmic electrical impulses that start at the sinoatrial/SA note -> atrial area -> ventricular area

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17
Q

Gap Junction

A

cell membrane protein that allows for direct passage of ions between adjacent cardiac muscle cells

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18
Q

ECC/EKG stands for

A

electrocardiogram, heart activity

Passive

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19
Q

V = IR

A

current (I) is the rate of flow of dc electrical charge, measured in amps

voltage (v) is the energy given to the charge carriers, measured in volts

resistance (r) is the opposition of a component to the movement of electrical charge, in ohms

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20
Q

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

A

for a closed loop series path the algebraic sum of all voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is 0

conservation of energy

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21
Q

Kirchhoff’s Current Law

A

total current entering a circuit’s junction is equal to the total current leaving the same junction

conservation of charge

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22
Q

Ideal voltage source

A

a device that generates an exact output voltage which does not change regardless of the load current

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23
Q

Ideal current source

A

a device that generates an exact and constant current flow to a circuit regardless of the voltage

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24
Q

Short Circuit

A

two terminals of a circuit are externally connected with resistance equal to 0 and a voltage drop of 0

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25
Open Circuit
two terminals of a circuit are externally disconnected, equivalent to current = 0
26
Electrical Impedance (3 parts)
the total opposition that a circuit presents to alternating current, including resistance (DC), inductive reactance, and capacitive reactance
27
Inductor and Inductive reactance
a device that stores energy in a magnetic field to preserve current the impedance to AC in an inductor
28
Capacitor and capacitive reactance
a device that stores energy in an electric field to preserve voltage the impedance to the flow of AC in a capacitor
29
Ideal Voltmeter (R=?)
used to measure voltage, should have resistance equal to infinity to block any current passing through the meter and altering the voltage drop of the device the voltmeter is measuring Passive
30
Ideal Ammeter (R=?)
used to measure current, should have resistance = 0 to prevent adding additional resistance to the device the ammeter is measuring Passive
31
Ideal Ohmmeter (R=?)
used to measure resistance, composed of a voltage source providing a known voltage, small internal resistance (so that current will not go to infinity if the resistance of the device is 0), and an ammeter Vr = I (Rr + R) Active
32
Ground
a point in a circuit chosen to be a reference point with v=0 (voltage is relative), can absorb charge
33
Earth Ground
a ground physically connected to earth via a conductive material
34
Common Ground
a ground-collection point that connects to the metal enclosure of an electrical device
35
Parallel resistance and the current division rule
a parallel circuit acts as current divider; current divides in all branches, and the voltage remains the same across them; determines the current across the circuit impedance
36
Series resistance and the voltage division rule
voltage is divided but current is constant, the voltage across a resistor in a series circuit = value of that resistor times the total impressed voltage across the series elements divided by the total resistance of the series elements V1 = V R1/(R1+R2)
37
Types of potential static mode (2)
chronoamperometry (DC) voltammetry (AC) Active
38
Potential static mode (provide/measure)
provide programmed voltage and measure corresponding current Active
39
Types of galvanostatic (1)
chronopotentiometry Active
40
Galvanostatic (provide/measure)
provide programmed current and measure associated voltage Active
41
Impedimetric (not impedance) (provide/measure)
measure impedance with AC signal, provide voltage or current and measure associated current or voltage Active
42
Potentiometric (provide/measure)
passive voltage measurement with no current (I=0) Passive
43
Passive Modes: I = 0 (1)
potentiometric
44
Active Modes (I>0), Control V (5)
``` potential static voltammetry chronoampermetry amperometry impedimetric ```
45
Active Modes (I>0), Control I (2)
galvanostatic | impedimetric
46
Passive tests (4) E--
EEG ECG/EKG EGG EMG
47
EGG stands for
electrogastrogram, stomach muscles Passive
48
EMG stands for
electromyogram, muscles Passive
49
``` Active tests (3) - three letter acronyms ```
GSR EDA ICG
50
GSR stands for
galvonic skin responce, skin resistance Active
51
EDA stands for
electrodermal activity, skin signals Active
52
ICG stands for
impedance cardiography Active
53
Displacement measurement
displacement is produced by a tensile force (ex: strain stress, pressure)
54
Strain gauge
flexible substrate with single resistor that bends with pressure, causing a change in resistance can determine both magnitude and direction of force
55
Capacitive Sensor
measures compressive force by calculating the change in capacitance (the ability of a system to store an electric charge)
56
Q = C V
charge = capacitance * voltage
57
C = E * A/D
capacitance = electricity * (area of plates/thickness or gap) increase in pressure lowers d and raises c
58
Two types of temperature sensors
termistors and thermocouples
59
Termistor
temperature sensitive transducers, resistance changes with the change in temperature
60
Thermocouples
temperature transducers formed by joining two metals with un= thermal expansion coefficients (bimorph) whose junctions produce an electromotive force when maintained at different temps, allowing the thermocouple to recognize a temperature difference
61
Ion-sensitive electrodes
composed of 2 half cells, a working electrode and a reference electrode passive test of equilibrium potential, no current working electrode is metal -> internal filling solution -> selective membrane (only develops variable potential in response to H+ ions) -> sample solution reference electrode is sample solution -> liquid junction/salt bridge -> internal solution -> metal voltmeter, uses E=Eo -(RT/zF) * Log [H+] potentiometric, passive
62
Oxygen Sensor
amperometric (measurement is based on the production of a current when a voltage is applied between two electrodes) uses O2 + 2H2O + 4e- (voltage) -> 4OH- + current O2 reduced at negative chatode is directly proportional to current produced electrodes are in electrolyte solution and surrounded by O2 permeable Teflon/polypropylene membrane Active
63
Glucose Sensor
based on immobilized glucose oxidase Glucose + O2 + H2O -> gluconic acid + H2O2 H2O2 -> 2H+ + O2 + 2E- (current)
64
Pulse oximeter
measure absorbance at two wavelengths, red (where HBO2 > Hb) and near infrared (about =) photoplethysmographic signal caused by changes in arterial blood volume above resting electric circuits seperate data into pulsatile (AC) and non-pulsatile (DC)
65
Fiber optic sensor
used to transmit light with minimal reduction made of two concentric and transparent glass/plastic materials (center is core, outer is coating/cladding) whose different refractive indexs prevent light from escaping made of optical fiber, sensing element -> immobilized analyte-specific luminophone, light source (exitate) and photodectector
66
Luminophore
part of a chemical that is responsible for luminescent properties
67
Luminescence
includes photoluminescence, fluorescense, chemilumescence combined from chemical or EM

Biosci 3110: BME (6 decks)

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