Biol 230 Final

Question 1

Define: Pancreas

Answer 1

Produces enzymes that break down sugars, fats and starches.
Diabetes can occur if it is not producing enough insulin, or not using it correctly.

Question 2

Define: Alpha Cells

Answer 2

Endocrine Cells that are in the pancreas.
Secrete glucagon to increase glucose levels in the blood.

Question 3

Define: Beta Cells

Answer 3

Found in the pancreas.
Cells that make insulin, controlling the levels of glucose in the blood.

Question 4

Define: Insulin

Answer 4

Facilitates the uptake of glucose into the cells. Lowers glucose levels in the blood.

Question 5

Define: Glucose

Answer 5

Sugar, C6H12O6. The main fuel of your body, the input to cellular respiration.

Question 6

Define: Glucagon

Answer 6

A peptide hormone secreted from alpha cells in the pancreas. Stimulates glucose production in the liver.

Question 7

Define: Glycogen

Answer 7

The stored form of glucose, a polymer of glucose molecules.

Question 8

Define: Insulin Receptor

Answer 8

A transmembrane receptor that is activated by insulin.

Question 9

Define: IRS

Answer 9

Insulin Receptor Substrate. **

Question 10

Define: GLUT4

Answer 10

A glucose transporter attached to a vesicle that allows glucose to enter the cell.

Question 11

Define: Vesicle

Answer 11

Small pouch, enclosed by a lipid bilayer.

Question 12

Define: Cell Membrane

Answer 12

The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.

Question 13

Define: Set Point

Answer 13

The balanced physiological value for a variable.

Question 14

Define: Feedback

Answer 14

A response within a system that influences the continued activity or productivity of that system.

Question 15

Define: Hypoglycemic

Answer 15

Deficiency of glucose in the bloodstream.

Question 16

Define: Hyperglycemic

Answer 16

An excess of glucose in the bloodstream.

Question 17

Define: Blood Sugar

Answer 17

The concentration of glucose in the blood.

Question 18

Define: Cellular Respiration

Answer 18

C6H12O6 + 6O2 => 6CO2 + 6H2O

Question 19

Define: H20

Answer 19

Water

Question 20

Define: CO2

Answer 20

Carbon Dioxide

Question 21

Define: Type 1 Diabetes

Answer 21

An autoimmune disorder resulting the destruction of beta cells and the inability to produce insulin.

Question 22

Define: Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 22

Insulin resistance.

Question 23

Define: Insulin Resistance

Answer 23

When the cells in your tissues don’t respond well to insulin.
The inability to properly use blood glucose.

Question 24

Define: Autoimmune

Answer 24

Relating to a disease cause by antibodies of lymphocytes produced against naturally occurring substances or tissues in the body.

Question 25

Define: Photosynthesis

Answer 25

6CO2 + 6H2O => C6H12O6 + 6O

Question 26

Define: Alveoli

Answer 26

Tiny air sacks in the lungs that are surrounded by capillaries and facilitate gas exchange.

Question 27

Define: Lungs

Answer 27

Organs the facilitate gas exchange, exhausting CO2 and intaking O2.

Question 28

Define: Capillaries

Answer 28

Small vessels that facilitate exchange between the circulatory system and your cells.

Question 29

Define: O2

Answer 29

Oxygen molecule.

Question 30

Define: Hemoglobin

Answer 30

A protein for transporting oxygen.

Question 31

Define: Glycohemoglobin

Answer 31

Hemoglobin in which glucose is bound. A measure of the long-term control of diabetes mellitus.

Question 32

Define: Hypoxia

Answer 32

A state defined by the lack of sufficient available oxygen.

Question 33

Define: Circulation

Answer 33

The movement of blood through vessels of the body.

Question 34

Define: Carbonic Anhydrase

Answer 34

Catalyzes a bidirectional conversion of CO2 and H2O into HCO3- and protons H+

Question 35

Define: Carbonic Acid

Answer 35

H2CO3

Question 36

Define: Bicarbonate Ion

Answer 36

HCO3- The 'carried' version on CO2

Question 37

Define: Hydrogen Ion (H+)

Answer 37

The nucleus of a hydrogen atom separated from its accompanying electron. Has a positive charge. 'Wants' to form a bond with an element that can 'Share' and electron.

Question 38

Define: pH

Answer 38

The measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

Question 39

Define: Acidic

Answer 39

A solution with a pH value of BELOW 7.

Question 40

Define: Basic

Answer 40

A solution with a pH value of ABOVE 7.

Question 41

Define: Respiratory Centers

Answer 41

Located in the medulla oblongata, involved in the minute-to-minute control of breathing.

Question 42

Define: pH Sensors

Question 43

Define: Homeostasis

Answer 43

A tendency towards an equilibrium between interdependent elements. Eg. Levels of glucose, oxygen, or carbon dioxide in the blood. Body temperature, ect.

Question 44

Define: Nitrogen

Answer 44

A chemical element denoted by the letter 'N'

Question 45

Define: Concentration Gradient

Answer 45

Difference in concentration of a substance from one point to another.

Question 46

Define: Polar Molecule

Answer 46

Molecules that have regions of positive and negative charge. Eg. A water molecule.

Question 47

Define: Non-Polar Molecule

Answer 47

Molecules that do NOT have any electrical or partial charges.

Question 48

Define: Polymer

Answer 48

Large molecules, composed of smaller, simpler chemical units called monomers.

Question 49

Define: Monomer

Answer 49

A subunit of a polymer. Having the ability to be bonded molecularly to other identical molecules.

Question 50

Define: Hydrophobic

Answer 50

Having the tendency to repel, or fail to be mixed into water.

Question 51

Define: Hydrophilic

Answer 51

Having the tendency to dissolve, or be wetted by water.