Biol 230 Midterm 3

Question 1

Covalent Bond

Answer 1

A chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms.

Question 2

Chloroplast

Answer 2

A plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.

Question 3

Ionic Bonds

Answer 3

A type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Question 4

Prokaryote

Answer 4

A microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles.
(Bacteria, Cyanobacteria)

Question 5

Eukaryote

Answer 5

An organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus.

Question 6

Endosymbiosis

Answer 6

A symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside the other.

Question 7

Promoter

Answer 7

A promoter is a region of DNA upstream of a gene where proteins such as RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to initiate transcription of that gene.

Question 8

Transgene

Answer 8

A gene which is artificially introduced into the genome of another organism.

Question 9

Genetically Modified Organism

Answer 9

A plant, animal or microbe in which one or more changes have been made to the genome,

Question 10

Mitochondrion

Answer 10

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

Question 11

Maurice Wilkins

Answer 11

One of the people to discover the molecular structure of DNA.

Question 12

Mystery Box

Answer 12

A tool to practice the scientific method.

Question 13

Henrietta Lacks

Answer 13

A Woman whose cancer cells are the source of HeLa cells.

Question 14

HeLa Cells

Answer 14

HeLa is an immortalized cell line used in scientific research. It is the oldest human cell line and one of the most commonly used. Remarkably durable and prolific.

Question 15

Lynn Margulis

Answer 15

An American evolutionary biologist. She was the primary modern proponent for the significance of symbiosis in evolution.

Question 16

Energy

Answer 16

The capacity or power to do work.

Question 17

Sunlight Energy

Answer 17

Radiation from the Sun capable of producing heat, causing chemical reactions, or generating electricity.

Question 18

Chemical Energy

Answer 18

Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds

Question 19

Anabolism

Answer 19

Metabolic pathways that constructs molecules from smaller units. These reactions require energy, known also as an endergonic process.

Question 20

Catabolism

Answer 20

Metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.

Question 21

Producer

Answer 21

An organism that makes it’s own food.

Question 22

Decomposer

Answer 22

An organism who ecological function involves recycling nutrients through decomposition.

Question 23

Light Reactions

Answer 23

The series of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis that require light energy. It is the first stage of photosynthesis.

Question 24

Photosynthesis

Answer 24

Biological process used by many cellular organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy, stored in organic compounds that can be used for cellular respiration.

Question 25

Rotenone

Answer 25

A toxic insecticide obtained from the roots of the Derris and other related plants.

Question 26

Oxygen Atom

Answer 26

O

Question 27

Oxygen Gas

Answer 27

O2

Question 28

Autotrophic

Answer 28

An organism that can produce its own food (producer).

Question 29

Mass / Matter

Answer 29

Amount of matter in a body.

Question 30

Carbon Dioxide Gas

Answer 30

CO2

Question 31

Carbon Atom

Answer 31

C

Question 32

NADP+ / NADPH

Answer 32

Cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as the Calvin cycle and lipid and nucleic acid syntheses, which require NADPH as a reducing agent

Question 33

Calvin Cycle

Answer 33

AKA light-independent reactions. Part of photosynthesis, it is a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose.

Question 34

Transport Proteins

Answer 34

Transport proteins function in both active and passive transport to move molecules across the plasma membrane.

Question 35

Chlorophyll

Answer 35

Chlorophyll is a pigment present in all green plants and a few other organisms.

Question 36

Energy Carrier

Answer 36

ATP, NADH, FADH2

Question 37

Cyanide

Answer 37

Rapidly acting, potentially deadly chemical that interferes with the body's ability to use oxygen

Question 38

Ethanol

Answer 38

A fermentation by-product.

Question 39

Inter Membrane Space of Mitochondria

Answer 39

Where ETC and Chemiosmosis takes place.

Question 40

heterotrophic

Answer 40

A heterotroph is an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients.

Question 41

Dry Biomass

Answer 41

The Biomass minus the moisture content. Can be more accurate as fresh biomass can fluctuate dramatically.

Question 42

FADH+ / FADH2

Answer 42

Flavin adenine dinucleotide. High energy electron carrier used to transport electrons generated in Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle to the Electron Transport Chain

Question 43

ATP

Answer 43

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level.

Question 44

Mitochondria

Answer 44

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur

Question 45

Hydrogen Ion Pump

Answer 45

They push hydrogen ions from areas of low concentration to areas with high concentration

Question 46

Electron

Answer 46

e-

Question 47

Hydrogen Ion

Answer 47

H+

Question 48

Sodium azide

Answer 48

A rapidly acting, potentially deadly chemical. Used as a preservative and microorganism fumigant (disinfectant).

Question 49

Lactic Acid

Answer 49

Lactic acid is a chemical your body produces when your cells break down carbohydrates for energy.

Question 50

BTB

Answer 50

Bromothymol blue, a pH indicator.

Question 51

Mitochondrion Matrix

Answer 51

The space within the inner membrane.

Question 52

Glycolysis

Answer 52

Splitting glucose, turns 1 glucose into 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP.

Question 53

Transition Reaction

Answer 53

Connects glycolysis to the citric acid (Krebs) cycle. Turns 2 Pydruvate into 2 Acetyl-CoA, 2 CO2, and 2 NADH.

Question 54

Citric Acid Cycle / Kreb's Cycle

Answer 54

Breaks down the 2 Acetyl-CoA into 4 CO2 molecules, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP.

Question 55

Pyruvate

Answer 55

Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, which is converted into acetyl coA that enters the Krebs cycle. It has 3 carbons.

Question 56

Acetyl CoA

Answer 56

A molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. End product of the Transition Reaction

Question 57

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 57

A cluster of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria.

Question 58

ATP Synthase

Answer 58

The enzyme that makes ATP molecules

Question 59

Aerobic

Answer 59

With / requiring air.

Question 60

Arsenic

Answer 60

Element with symbol As.

Question 61

Charles Keeling

Answer 61

Making the extremely precise measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) that clearly indicated that the atmospheric concentrations were increasing

Question 62

Anaerobic

Answer 62

Without oxygen.

Question 63

Inner Membrane of Mitochondria

Answer 63

Where ETC and Chemiosmosis takes place.

Question 64

Gregor Mendel

Answer 64

Augustinian monk and botanist who formulated the laws of heredity based on his careful breeding experiments on garden pea plants.

Question 65

Plastid

Answer 65

A small organelle, such as chloroplasts, in the cytoplasm of plant cells, containing pigment or food.