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PSU Freshman > BIOL 230W Final > Flashcards

BIOL 230W Final Flashcards

1
Q

What types of molecules can be used as a source of energy?

A

sugars, fats, carbs, and proteins

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2
Q

Passive transport includes

A

simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion

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3
Q

Facilitated diffusion uses an

A

integral membrane protein (channel or carrier) to transport solute

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4
Q

Active transport uses specialized

A

carrier proteins called pumps and carrier proteins

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5
Q

Pumps

A

Primary

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6
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Secondary

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7
Q

How do single-cell organisms obtain energy sources?

A

Engulf food sources via phagocytosis. Autotrophs make their own food

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8
Q

How do multicellular organisms obtain energy sources?

A

Heterotrophic (eat food)

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9
Q

Passive transport is (direction)

A

high to low

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10
Q

Active transport is (direction)

A

low to high (up concentration gradient)

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11
Q

Carrier proteins bind to solute and

A

change conformation to transport solute across membrane

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12
Q

Channel-mediates transport does not

A

require energy (no binding to transporter protein), while carrier-mediated does

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13
Q

How can carrier-mediated transport function in both passive and active transport?

A

Transport protein can bind to the solute and can carry it either up or down a concentration gradient

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14
Q

Describe the sodium pump

A

Na+ is at a high concentration outside the cell compared to inside the cell. Glucose is usually lower outside the cell. K+ is lower concentration in blood compared to inside cell

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15
Q

Considering how the Na/K pump works, what is the final event?

A

To bring glucose into the cell, even when concentrations are low in the cell

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16
Q

Oxidation

A

loss of electrons

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17
Q

Reduction

A

gain of electrons

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18
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown of molecules

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19
Q

Anabolism

A

Buildup of molecules

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20
Q

Metabolic flux

A

Rate that molecules pass through metabolic pathways

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21
Q

Outline the main mechanisms that regulate the flux of molecules through a biochemical pathway

A

1) Concentration of products -> shift towards equilibrium
2) Regulation of enzymes post-transationally -> make more enzymes, inc or dec activity
3) Allosteric activation or inhibition involves a molecule binding to an allosteric site (non-active site) of an enzyme and inducing a conformation change that alters function

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22
Q

Pyruvate kinase produces

A

pyruvate in the final step of glycolysis

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23
Q

Allosteric regulator

A

binds directly to an enzyme and regulates its function

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24
Q

For one molecule of glucose, what is the net ATP directly produced?

A

2 ATP

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25
Q

For one molecule of glucose, what is the net NADH2 produced?

A

2 NADH2, which later becomes NAD+ after oxidation

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26
Q

Of the glycolysis pathway, which steps are NOT at equilibrium?

A

Steps 1, 3, and 10 (deltaG is negative)

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27
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle take place in the cell?

A

mitochondria

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28
Q

What energy important molecules are produced from the citric acid cycle?

A

NADH, H, FADH2

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29
Q

What is the major waste produced by citric acid cycle?

A

CO2

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30
Q

Where are the protein complexes of the ETC located?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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31
Q

Protein Complex I

A

First enzyme of respiratory chain

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32
Q

Protein Complex II

A

Plays a dual role in respiration

33
Q

Protein Complex III

A

Shunts the electrons across the intermembrane space to cytocrome

34
Q

Protein Complex IV

A

Catalyze the final step in mitochondrial electron transfer chain

35
Q

Protein Complex V (ATP synthase)

A

Synthesis ATP from ADP in the mitochondrial matrix using the energy provided by the proton electrochemical gradient

36
Q

What can happen if electrons “escape” from the complexes of the ETC?

A

Electrons can interact with O2 to make super reactive oxygen species

37
Q

Glycolytic flux

A

Regulated to either fuel ATP production when energy is needed or store energy when energy is in excess

38
Q

Allosteric regulators of glycolysis direct the

A

flux of glucose and glucose intermediates through glycolysis (low energy) or through glycogen synthesis (high energy)

39
Q

When a cell has abundant ATP, excess glucose is stored as

A

glycogen

40
Q

Pi, ADP, and AMP indicate

A

low energy in the cell.
They are breakdown products from ATP hydrolysis

41
Q

Increasing concentrations of citrate indicate high energy in the cell

A

Citrate is only expressed in high amounts bc there are high glucose levels in the cell
Indicate a surplus of substrate in the citric acid cycle

42
Q

Allosteric regulator for enzyme 1

A

hexokinase, inorganic phosphate, G6P

43
Q

Allosteric regulator for enzyme 3

A

phosphofuctokinase, inorganic phosphate and fructose, 16bisP (citric inhibits)

44
Q

Allosteric regulator for enzyme 10

A

Pyruvate kinase, pyruvate

45
Q

Is phoosphofructokinase inhibited when energy levels are high or low?

A

Inhibited when energy is high

46
Q

Why does it make sense that glycolysis would be activated by ADP and AMP

A

AMP is used to produce more ATP, same as ADP which is why the glycolysis would be activated

47
Q

Tumorigenesis

A

creation of a tumor (a mass of cells that may become metastatic)

48
Q

Tumor cells have

A

rapid division (proliferation)
growth
loss of differentiation (mesenchymal)
immortality (no apoptosis)
Energy starved, need glucose

49
Q

Not enough oxygen

A

hypoxia

50
Q

Too much oxygen

A

hyperoxia

51
Q

The Warburg Effect

A

Anaerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen (tumors do not slow)

52
Q

Cancer cells dramatically increase

A

glucose uptake and glycolysis

53
Q

Major differences between normal metabolism and the Warburg Effect

A

Tumors have a lot of lactic acid
Cancer cells increase glycolysis
Normal metabolism is balanced (homeostasis) (less glycolysis and lactic acid)

54
Q

Steps involved in ethical decision making

A

Gut reaction
Research
Stakeholders
Ethical issue
Possible solutions

55
Q

Phagocytosis

A

process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle

56
Q

Allosteric regulation

A

any form of regulation where the regulatory molecule (an activator or inhibitor) binds to an enzyme someplace other than the active site

57
Q

GLUT1

A

facilitates the transport of glucose across the plasma membranes of mammalian cells

58
Q

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

A

molecules capable of independent existence, containing at least one oxygen atom and one or more unpaired electrons

59
Q

Pyruvate vs. Acetyl-CoA

A

Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, a two-carbon molecule attached to coenzyme A. A molecule of coenzyme A is a necessary reactant for this reaction, which releases a molecule of carbon dioxide and reduces a NAD+ to NADH

60
Q

Primary active transport

A

Uses ATP directly to move molecules across the membrane

61
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Uses ATP indirectly, via a previously established electrochemical gradient, to move molecules across a membrane

62
Q

Facilitated diffusion transports a

A

large polar molecule

63
Q

Facilitated diffusion requires

A

protein transporter to move a molecule across a membrane

64
Q

Energy coupling

A

Using the energy from an exergonic reaction or provide the energy for an endergonic (or energetically unfavorable or non-spontaneous) reaction

65
Q

Which type of chemical reaction is regulated by altering an enzymes function

A

irreversible (negative deltaG)

66
Q

Chemical reactions with free energy changes close to zero are at

A

equilibrium and regulated by concentration of products and reactants

67
Q

Which 3 steps are irreversible of glycolysis?

A

steps 1, 3, and 10

68
Q

Which complex of the ETC will accept electrons but NOT pump protons

A

Complex II

69
Q

NADH and FADH2 are _________ when they donate electrons to the electron transport chain

A

oxidized

70
Q

Which of the following molecules act as a final acceptor of electrons in the ETC?

A

oxygen

71
Q

Chemiosmosis uses a gradient of ________ to drive the synthesis of ATP

A

protons

72
Q

Which of the following molecules is produced when a cell is in an energy starved state

A

AMP

73
Q

Which step is a central target for allosteric regulation of glycolysis

A

Step 3

74
Q

High concentrations of citrate (the first intermediate of the citric acid cycle) lead to _________ in glycolysis.

A

decreaseTh

75
Q

The production of acetyl-coA ________ when ATP levels are high in the cell

A

decreases

76
Q

A decrease in which type of adipose (fat) cells can result in metabolic disorders?

A

brown

77
Q

Methylated DNA is associated with a _________ of gene expression

A

decrease

78
Q
A

PSU Freshman (12 decks)

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