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PSU Freshman > Exam 3-Psych > Flashcards

Exam 3-Psych Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

System that senses, organizes, stores, and retrieves information

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2
Q

Memory Processes

A

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

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3
Q

Encoding

A

Converting environmental and mental stimuli into memorable brain codes

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4
Q

Storage

A

“Holding on” to encoded information

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5
Q

Retrieval

A

Pulling information from storage

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6
Q

Information-processing model

A

Assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of 3 stages

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7
Q

Parallel Distributed Processing Model

A

Memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of connections

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8
Q

Levels-of-processing model

A

Assumes information that is more “deeply processed” (processed according to its meaning) will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time

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9
Q

3 stage process of memory

A

Sensory memory, short-term memory (maintenance rehearsal), long-term memory

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10
Q

Sensory memory

A

1st stage of memory, the point at which information enters the memory system through the sensory systems

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11
Q

Echoic memory

A

Everything you can hear in a given moment (auditory memory)

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12
Q

Iconic memory

A

Visual memory

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13
Q

Main features of sensory memory

A

Short duration, holds visual information

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14
Q

Selective attention

A

Ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input

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15
Q

Short-term memory

A

memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used

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16
Q

Working memory

A

An active system that processes the information in short term memory

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17
Q

Main functions of short term memory

A

Encoding: primarily in auditory form
Limited capacity: 3 to 5 items
Chunking: if bits of info are combined into meaningful units, more info can be held in STM
Duration: 12-30 seconds without rehearsal

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18
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Practice of saying some information to be remembered over and over in one’s head

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19
Q

Long-term memory

A

System of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently

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20
Q

Describe the main functions/features of long-term memory:

A

Capacity: seemingly unlimited
Duration: relatively permanent

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21
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

A method of transferring information from the STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way

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22
Q

Procedural memory

A

Motor skills, habits, emotional associations
Things we do, skills we have

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23
Q

Declarative memory

A

Things people know

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24
Q

Semantic memory

A

Facts, general knowledge

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25
Q

Episodic memory

A

Events experienced by a person

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26
Q

Retrieval cue

A

A stimulus for remembering
the more retrieval cues, the easier to remember

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27
Q

Recall

A

Memories are retrieved with few external cues

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28
Q

Recognition

A

Matching information to what is already in memory

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29
Q

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

A

One feels as though one knows information but can only generate bits and pieces

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30
Q

Serial position effect

A

Prejudice of memory system. Remember the beginning and end most accurately

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31
Q

Serial position effect: primacy effect

A

Remembering the beginning

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32
Q

Serial position effect: recency effect

A

Remembering the end

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33
Q

False positive

A

Error of memory in which people think that they recognize something that is not actually in memory

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34
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

automatic encoding due to unexpected, highly emotional event

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35
Q

Constructive processing

A

Retrieval of memories in which those memories are revised, influenced or altered by newer information

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36
Q

How can the misinformation effect affect long-term memory?

A

Misinformation effect: Misleading information presented after event can affect memory accuracy for event

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37
Q

Forgetting

A

Failure to properly store information for future use

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38
Q

Encoding failure

A

Not stored correctly

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39
Q

Memory trace

A

Physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed

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40
Q

decay

A

Loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which memory trace is not used

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41
Q

Proactive interference

A

Information learned earlier interferes with information learned later

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42
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Information learned later interferes with information learned earlier

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43
Q

What does the case of H< tell us about brain structure and memory?

A

Hippocampus plays a vital role in the formation of new declarative memories

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44
Q

Retrograde

A

Loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards

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45
Q

Anterograde

A

When memory for anything new becomes impossible

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46
Q

Stress

A

Physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to threatening or challenging events

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47
Q

Stressor

A

Events that cause a stress reaction

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48
Q

Distress

A

Effect of undesirable stressors

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49
Q

Eustress

A

Effect of positive events

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50
Q

Catastrophes

A

Unpredictable event that creates a tremendous need to adapt and adjust as well as overwhelming feelings of threat

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51
Q

What are some of the consequences of significant levels of life stress?

A

Catastrophe highest-stress level, lowest frequency

52
Q

Hassles

A

Daily annoyances of everyday life (frustrations, delays)

53
Q

Pressure

A

urgent demands or expectations from an outside source

54
Q

Uncontrollability

A

Degree of control over event or situation

55
Q

Frustration

A

Response when a desired goal or a perceived need is blocked

56
Q

typical responses to frustration

A

Escape, persistence, aggression, displaced aggression

57
Q

Conflict:

A

A pull towards two desires or goals, ony one of which can be attained

58
Q

Approach-approach conflict

A

two positives

59
Q

avoidance-approach conflict

A

one positive, one negative

60
Q

avoidance-avoidance conflict

A

two negatives

61
Q

Stage 1 of general adaptation syndrome

A

Alarm (shock)

62
Q

Stage 2 of general adaption syndrome

A

Resistance (highest resistance to stress)

63
Q

Stage 3 of general adaptation syndrome

A

Exhaustion (least resistance to stress)

64
Q

How does stress impact immune functioning and problems like heart disease and cancer?

A

Negatively affected by stress, higher risk of heart attacks

65
Q

Personality factors in stress: Type A

A

Ambitious, hardworking, unsatisifed

66
Q

Personality factors in stress: Type B

A

Relaxed, less competitive than type A, slow to anger

67
Q

Personality factors in stress: Type C

A

Pleasant, repressed, internalizes anger/anxiety

68
Q

How does the hardy personality differ from the type A personality?

A

Thrives on stress, lacks the anger/hostility which is common in type A

69
Q

Optimists

A

People who expect positive outcomes

70
Q

Pessimists

A

People who expect negative outcomes

71
Q

How might optimism affect life expectancy?

A

Less likely to become depressed, develop learned helplessness
Take care of health more
better immune systems

72
Q

Coping strategies

A

Actions people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize stressor effects

73
Q

Problem-focused coping

A

Eliminate/reduce source of stress via direct action

74
Q

Emotion-focused coping

A

Change stressor impact by changing emotional reaction

75
Q

Personality

A

Unique and relatively stable ways people think, feel, and behave

76
Q

Character

A

Value judgements of morality and ethics

77
Q

Temperament

A

Enduring characteristics each person is born with

78
Q

Major perspectives in personality theory

A

Psychodynamic, humanistic, trait

79
Q

How did Freud’s upbringing influence his theory?

A

Victorian age
-sexual reproduction
-sex for procreation
-mistresses satisfied mens uncontrollable urges

80
Q

Three parts of the mind

A

Conscious, preconscious, unconscious

81
Q

Conscious

A

Contact with outside world; current awareness

82
Q

Preconscious

A

Material just beneath the surface of awareness

83
Q

Unconscious

A

Level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness

84
Q

Freud believes the unconscious is

A

the most important aspect of determining behavior

85
Q

ID

A

(devil) basic biological drives, amoral, exists from birth, completely unconscious

86
Q

pleasure principle

A

ID, pleasure makes happy

87
Q

Ego

A

rational and logical, deals with reality, mostly conscious

88
Q

reality principle

A

Ego, based on logic

89
Q

Superego

A

Moral center of our personality, “angel,” develops as children learn society rules and expectations

90
Q

Conscience

A

The part of personality that makes people feel guilty when they do the wrong thing

91
Q

Psychological defense mechanisms

A

Unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety

92
Q

Psychological defense mechanisms: Denial

A

Refusal to recognize/acknowledge a threatening situation

93
Q

Psychological defense mechanisms: reaction formation

A

switching unacceptable impulses to their opposites

94
Q

Psychological defense mechanisms: rationalization

A

making acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior

95
Q

Psychological defense mechanisms: Projection

A

Placing one’s own unacceptable thoughts onto others

96
Q

Psychological defense mechanisms: Displacement

A

Expressing feelings that would be threatening if directed at the real target onto a less threatening target

97
Q

Psychological defense mechanisms: Regression

A

Falling back on childlike patterns to cope with stress

98
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

Five stages of personality
Tied to sexual development

99
Q

Stages of psychosexual development

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

100
Q

Oral stage

A

1st year
Mouth zone
Conflict: weaning

101
Q

Anal

A

1-3 years
ego develops
conflict: toilet training conflict
Characteristics: expulsive vs. retentive personality

102
Q

Anal retentive

A

Afraid of mess of toilet training

103
Q

Anal expulsive

A

Rebellion, don’t care about neatness

104
Q

Phallic

A

3-6 years
Superego develops
Sexual feelings towards opposite sex parent
Oedipus complex
increasingly aware of genitals
penis envy or castration anxiety

105
Q

Latency

A

6-puberty
Developing academic skills
developing same-sex relationships

106
Q

Genital

A

Puberty
Sexual behavior
Romantic relationship successfully

107
Q

Neo-freudians against freudians

A

Developed competing psychoanalytic theories
-reduced emphasis on sexual development
-increased emphasis on social environment
-modified ideas about the unconscious

108
Q

Freud’s contributions

A

Defense mechanisms
Concept of an unconscious mind that can influence conscious behavior
Importance of early experience

109
Q

Criticicisms of freud

A

No research, methods weird

110
Q

Humanism

A

Focus on aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective emotions and freedom of choice

111
Q

The big five (five-factor model)

A

OCEAN: Core descriptions of human personality; NON-OVERLAPPING (score on one dimension does not predict score on another dimension)

112
Q

The big five (OPENNESS)

A

Open to new experience, willingness to try new things
- creative, adventurous
-conventional, down to earth

113
Q

The big five (CONSCIENTIOUSNESS)

A

Organization and motivation
-organized, reliable
-spontaneous, carefree

114
Q

The big five (EXTRAVERSION)

A

Sociability, not social skills
-outgoing and social
-solitary, dislike being the center of attention

115
Q

The big five (AGREEABLENESS)

A

Emotional style
-Good natured, trusting
-Hard to get along with, irritable

116
Q

The big five (NEUROTOCISM)

A

Emotional stability
- Worry, insecure, anxious
-Calm, secure, relaxed

117
Q

There are no high/low scores on the big five factor model for

A

agreeableness, neuroticism

118
Q

Trait-situation interaction

A

The circumstances if any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed
Ex) A situation motivates you to be more extraverted even though youre an introvert

119
Q

How are conditional and unconditional positive regard related to personality?

A

Conditional: given only when the person is doing what the provides of positive regard with less ideal
Unconditional: Given w/ out conditions or string attached, love/support you no matter what
Positive regard: Warmth, love , respect

120
Q

Real self

A

One’s perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities

121
Q

Ideal self

A

What one should or would like to be

122
Q

Trait

A

A consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving

123
Q

Allport

A

Listed 200 traits and believed traits were part of nervous system

124
Q

Cattell

A

Reduced number of traits to between 16 and 23 with computer method called factor analysis

125
Q

Cattell

A

Surface traits: core characteristics easily seen by others
Source traits: Basic traits that form the personality that can be seen by others

126
Q

Sixteen personality factor questionnaire

A

helping ppl find jobs etc based on personality

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