BIOL 311 Flashcards
(564 cards)
1
Q
surface of the Earth covered by ocean
A
71%
2
Q
average depth of the ocean
A
3700m
3
Q
Number of oceans
A
5
Arctic, Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern
4
Q
Abiotic environment
A
solar radiation temperature salinity density pressure ocean currents
5
Q
solar radiation lost to upper atmosphere
A
50%
6
Q
solar radiation that makes it to the ocean
A
5% of remaining reflected
50% of remaining IR and UV - heat
50% of remaining visible spectrum
7
Q
PAR
A
photosynthetic active radiation
spectral range of solar radiation- 400-700 nm- that photosynthetic organisms are able to use in photosynthesis
8
Q
UV effect in the ocean
A
only upper 5-10m
9
Q
lines of constant T
A
isotherms
10
Q
Temperature regulated by
A
solar energy input
water mixing
11
Q
temperature gradients
A
large latitudinal gradient
increasing up to the equator from N and S
12
Q
maximal seasonal temperature changes
A
mid-latitudes
13
Q
Influence of solar radiation on marine life
A
Photosynthesis E source T changes of the ocean Animal vision Physiological rhythms Depression of biological activity Damage by UV Controls vertical distribution of photosyn. organisms
14
Q
Effect of solar radiation on physiological rhythms
A
Migration (e.g. salmon, turtles)
Movement to/from feeding grounds
Adjustment of position in intertidal
15
Q
How solar radiation affects biological activity
A
high light deactivates proteins and DNA
16
Q
Mixed layer
A
c.a 150m
17
Q
increased temperature
A
increased productivity
decreased nutrients
disrupt equilibrium
stressful to system
18
Q
Influence of temperature on marine life
A
Controls rate of chemical rxn’s and biological properties
Affects density of seawater
Influences dissolution of gases
19
Q
Example of biological properties influenced by temperature
A
metabolism
growth
20
Q
Important gasses influenced by T
A
CO2, O2
lower T = more gases
21
Q
Latitudinal distributions of animals
A
summer migration b/c isotherms move up
22
Q
Extremes of temperature regulation
A
Homeotherms
Poikilotherm
23
Q
Homeotherm
A
maintains Tb at a constant level, usually above that of the environment - mammals, birds
24
Q
Examples of intermediate temperature regulation
A
strong swimming fish retain heat from muscular action (Tuna)
Intertidal animals lower Tb by evap./circulation of body fluids
25
Extremes of temperature tolerance
Eurythermic
| Stenothermic
26
Poikilotherm
internal temperature varies considerably- most fish, subtotal inverts.
27
Can withstand large ranges of temperatures
Eurythermic
28
salinity of open ocean
33-37
| average 35
29
salinity units
```
we don't use units to describe salinity anymore (previously ppt)
# of g per kg of seawater
```
30
salinity is measured in
conductivity
| positive linear relationship with salt
31
Major constituents of seawater
Na, Cl, SO4, Mg, Ca, K
| conservative elements
32
Organisms restricted to narrow temperature range
Stenothermic
| e.g. corals
33
max salinity
mid latitudes
34
lines of constant salinity
isohalines
35
controls on salinity
precipitation
evaporation
runoff to a smaller degree
36
high salinity
evaporation > precipitation
37
latitude vs salinity graph
low at 60º N/S
high at 30º N/S
low at 0º N/S
very low at 90ºS
38
low salinity
precipitation > evaporation
near mouths of rivers
glacial melt
39
Influences of salinity on marine life
Osmosis
Diffusion
density changes (indirect)
40
affect of salinity on organisms in neritic environment
very affected
| e.g. intertidal, tidal pools, enclosed marginal seas
41
affect of salinity on nekton
in smaller ways
| fish drink water to compensate for osmotic loss, excrete salts in urine through gills
42
extremes of salinity tolerance
Euryhaline
| Stenohaline
43
Euryhaline
adapt to a wide range of salinities
44
secondary thermocline
may form in the summer due to increased heating, decreased mixing
45
T-S diagram
Temperature vs. Salinity
| curved lines across box = isopycnals(?)
46
latitude vs evap-precip
same shape as lat. vs. salinity but more extreme lows
low at 60ºN/S = p > e
high at 30ºN/S = e > p
very low at equator = e
47
density is a measure of
mass per unit volume
48
density is influenced by
Temperature
| Salinity
49
how salinity affects density
increased salinity = increased density
50
what defines water masses
temperature
salinity
density
51
how temperature affects density
increased temperature = decreased density
52
latitude - density map
highest at high/low lats.
decreased down to equator - U/valley shaped
c.a. opposite of lat.-T map
a function of T and S
53
deep water formation
Antarctic bottom water
| North Atlantic Deep Water
54
basic vertical structure of the water column
mixed layer
-clines
deep water
55
depth vs salinity graphs
high lats. = low at surface, increase in halocline, c.a. 35 at depth
low lats. = high at surface, decrease through halocline, c.a. 35 at depth
56
depth vs T graph
high at surface
decreases through thermocline
near 0 at depth
57
depth vs pycnocline
low at surface (lightest water mass)
increase through pycnocline
densest at depth (heaviest)
58
pressure is a measure of
the weight of the overlying water column per unit area at a particular depth
59
pressure changes with depth
increases nearly linearly
| 1 atm per 10m depth
60
pressure units
1 atm = 1 bar = 10 dbar
61
stenohaline
restricted to very narrow ranges of salinity
62
Thermohaline basics
circulation of the world oceans
caused by differences in density of water masses
regulates global T's
63
Influence of density on marine life
affects floatation/sinking
64
how to measure depth
pressure
65
Influence of pressure on marine life
can be exposed to great pressure
biological effects not well understood
deep sea organisms don't have gas filled organs
66
pressure faced by deep sea organisms
1000atm
67
why are pressure affects on deep sea organisms not well known
difficulties associated with collecting deep sea organisms
68
extremes of pressure tolerance
Eurybathic
| Stenobathic
69
Average depth of the ocean
3700m
70
average pressure of the ocean
370atm
71
adapted to a wide range of pressures
Eurybathic - mostly shelf organisms with vertical migrations
72
creates/maintains surface currents
Earths rotation
Presence of continents
Wind/Weather
73
example of the affect of continents on ocean surface circulation
around Antarctica - no continents in the way, steady, fast current that is well maintained (Antarctic circumpolar current)
74
Affects of current on marine life
affect PP - upwelling/downwelling (ex. Peruvian west coast, extremely productive)
75
Upwelling (and downwelling) is a function of
Corialis force
| Eckman transport
76
BC upwelling zone
not permanent because we are between two surface currents and the boundary moves seasonally
77
BC surface currents
California current
| Alaska current
78
Ocean divisions based on light
Euphotic c.a. 100m
Disphotic c.a. 100-1000m
Aphotic c.a. max depth
79
Ocean divisions based on nearness to shore
Neritic - to edge of outer continental shelf
| Pelagic - continental slope and beyond
80
Divisions of the pelagic zone (with depth)
epipelagic - to top of continental slope, c.a. 200m, euphotic in upper half
mesopelagic 200-1000m
bathypelagic 1000-4000
Abyssopelagic 4000- max depth
81
supralittoral
above high tide line
82
divisions of the continental shelf
littoral - high tide, low tide
| sublittoral - inner, outer shelf
83
Euphotic zone
layer closer to the surface that receives enough light for photosynthesis to occur
down to 1% light
150-200m in clear water
84
disphotic zone
also twilight zone
| light enough to see but not enough for photosynthesis
85
subdivisions of the bottom of the ocean
```
littoral
sublittoral
bathyal
abyssal
hadal
```
86
sublittoral
region of the ocean bottom between the low tide line and the edge of the continental shelf
87
euphotic zone in Saanich inlet
20m
88
what are plankton
floaters that drift with ocean currents
89
main groups of plankton
bacterioplankton
phytoplankton
zooplankton
90
plankton are characterized by
size
91
plankton sizes
```
Megaplankton (200-2000mm)
Macroplankton (20-200mm)
Mesoplankton (.2-20mm)
Microplankton (.02-.2mm)
Nanoplankton (.002-.02mm)
Picoplankton (.2-2µm)
Femtoplankton (.02-.2µm)
```
92
megaplankton
jellies
| siphonophore and slap colonies
93
Macroplankton
krill
| gelatinous zooplankton
94
mesoplankton
adult zooplankton
| larval fish
95
microplankton
diatoms
dinoflagellates
invert. larvae
96
nanoplankton
cyanophytes
coccolithophores
silicoflagelates
97
picoplankton
cyanobacteria
98
femtoplankton
viruses
99
Nekton
swimmers
movement independent of ocean currents
some capable of long migration
100
nekton distribution controlled by
```
salinity
temperature
density
pressure
food availability
```
101
Nekton examples
adult fish
squid
marine mammals
marine reptiles
102
majority of oceans plankton are controlled in what size group
nanoplankton
| microplankton
103
Benthic organisms
bottom dwellers
# decrease with depth
biomass decreases with depth
104
types of benthic organisms
epifauna
infauna
nektobenthos
105
nektobenthos
on the bottom
| capable of swimming over seafloor
106
zooplankton feeding behaviours
herbivores
carnivores
omnivores
107
zooplankton size
Less than 1 mm to greater than 1 m
| mm - m
108
zooplankton taxa
protozoans
invertebrates - cnidarians, ctenophores, Chaetognaths, arthropods, annelids, molluscs, echinoderms
vertebrates- urochordates, chordates
109
zooplankton key roles in marine food webs
primary consumers
| primary link in energy transfer between base of food web and higher trophic levels
110
main grazers of phytoplankton
zooplankton
111
zooplankton trophic level
can occupy numerous levels
| depends on length of food chain
112
zooplankton are a direct resource for
fish
seabirds
marine mammals
113
zooplankton that spend whole life cycle in plankton
holoplankton
114
shorter food chains
more efficient energy transfer
115
meroplankton
organisms that spend part of life cycle in plankton
many benthic and nektonic species
may be months - days
116
benefit to having planktonic larvae
provides sessile species means of dispersal
| main reason marine populations are open and 'connected'
117
squid life cycle
unique planktonic life cycle
adults and larvae are planktonic
only eggs are benthic
118
planktonic protozoan characteristics
```
single celled
eukaryote
usually solitary (some colonial)
few µm's - 3mm
diverse taxonomically
key component of microbial loop
```
119
Ecologically important groups of planktonic protozoans
ciliates
foraminiferans
radiolarians
120
protozoans feed on
heterotrophic
bateria
detritus
small phytoplankton
121
protozoans important for
microbial loop
| prey source for larger zooplankton
122
ciliates
some of largest free-living protists
| up to 2mm long
123
ciliate structure
cell surface covered with short, dense cilia
124
cilia function
beat to propel organism through water and/or draw in food particles
125
eukaryote
contain nuclease and membrane enclosed organelles
126
foraminifera
CaCO3 test
| cold water
127
radiolaria
SiO2
tropical/subtropical
pseudopodia
128
pseudopodia function
capture bacteria, phytoplankton, detritus
129
heterotrophic
cannot fix carbon
| utilize organic carbon
130
radiolarians and foraminifera
more abundant in past
form extensive sediment layers
important to geologists for dating and determining ancient ocean conditions
131
protozoan groups
ciliates
radiolaria
foraminifera
tintinnid
132
silica belt
‘belt’ of silicious ooze around Antarctica (radiolarians and diatoms)
133
silica deposits used for
cleaners, toothpaste, bug repellant, cosmetic
134
gelatinous zooplankton
'jellies'
| Cnidarians, Ctenophores, primitive chordates
135
primitive chordates
pelagic tunicates:
| Sales, Appendicularians
136
Cnidarians
'true jellyfish'
have nematocysts
can inject very potent toxins
137
nematocyst
```
specialized cells
may be barbed
may 'sting'
subdue prey
capture
stick
```
138
Ctenophores
```
'sea gooseberries'
comb jellies
capture small zooplankton w/ tentacles
have colloblasts
feed on zooplankton or some on other ctenophores
```
139
colloblasts
specialized cells
| sticky cells on tentacles
140
Salps
```
pelagic tunicate
filter feeder
form dense patches
cylindrical, gelatinous body w/ opening at each end
unusual life cycle
```
141
salp locomotion/feeding
pump water through body
| catch food particles on internal mucus net continuously secreted
142
Salp food
phytoplankton
| bacteria
143
Salp life cycle
solitary asexual stage - forms budding chain of sexual aggregates - each aggregate produces an embryo - embryos in solitary asexual stage
144
Appendicularian
```
a.k.a larvacean
primitive chordate, closely related to benthic tunicates, sea squirts
resembles small tadpole
2-10mm long
gelatinous/mucus house
pump water
```
145
larvacean house
pump water through
sieves food particles
abandoned when filters clog
abandoned houses part of marine snow
146
marine snow
vector of transporting particles to deep
food source for other organisms
substrate for bacteria/protozoans
147
Chaetognaphs
arrow worms
| small phylum
148
Chaetognath feeding
carnivorous raptors
attack plankton several times their size
hang motionless until prey detected
use spines and hooks to grab prey
149
Planktonic Molluscs
veliger larvae
| pteropods
150
veliger larvae
planktonic larvae of most molluscs
many spend hours-months in plankton
many of the adults are benthic
151
pteropods
holoplanktonic molluscs
small planktonic snails
temperate/cold waters
foot evolved into paired swimming wings
152
Pteropod Clades
Thecosomes
| Gymnosomes
153
Thecosomes
thin, coiled, calcareous shell, very light for floating
few mm - 30mm
sticky mucus web for feeding
e.g. Limacina spp.
154
Gymnosomes
naked (shell-less)
elongate
feed exclusively on thecosomes
e.g. Clione spp.
155
most diverse group of eukaryotes on Earth
Arthropods
156
Arthropods are characterized by
segmentation
paired, jointed appendages
hard, external skeleton
157
most important marine arthropods
crustaceans
158
Benthic arthropods
crabs, lobsters, etc.
| usually have usually have meroplanktonic larvae
159
crustacean larvae
nauplius
160
Planktonic arthropods
nauplius larvae
Euphausiids
Amphipods
Copepods
161
Euphausiids
```
'krill'
among largest zooplankton 1-10cm long
shrimp like appearance
stalked eyes
multi-yr life cycle - up to 5
major food source to fish, whales
```
162
Euphausiid feeding
generally omnivorous
| filter phyto. and zoop.
163
commercial krill
Euphausia pacifica
500 tonnes/yr in Strait of Georgia
others spp. 10^5 tonnes/yr in Antarctic
164
Krill migration
diel vertical migration
| each night go up in water column to feed (dawn ascent), come back down in day (dawn descent)
165
visualizing diel vertical migrations
acoustic backscatter (can be seen by VENIS mooring)
166
UTC
coordinated universal time
167
BC time
Pacific Time Zone
| UTC -08:00
168
Amphipods
laterally compressed c/w krill
almost exclusively carnivorous
direct development (no nauplius)
often live commensally w/ jellies
169
Most abundant zooplankton by far
copepod
| usually >80%
170
Copepoda
```
c.a. 2000 spp.
main phyto. grazers
vertical migration
100s of µm - 10mm
major prey of young fish
key link to higher trophic levels
```
171
Copepod feeding
often consume >1/2 body weight in phyto./ day
| some are carnivorous or omnivorous
172
Autotroph
producer
| produce complex organic compounds
173
plankton sampling net
SCOR net
60cm diameter
250µm mesh
174
how to tell how much water has gone through plankton sampling net
flow meter
4 dials that turn opposite direction sequentially
write down #'s to start and at end
175
what we do with samples once retrieved
use splitter to split in half
freeze half for biomass measurement
preserve half in formalin for ID
176
how plankton sampling net works
tow up from bottom
send messenger down to hit release mechanism
hard holding top of net is let go
net is folded over
177
copepod morphology
straight body, antennae as long as body, 5 pairs swim legs, 1-5mm long, 3 body sections, no eyes
178
copepod body sections
prosome - 'head' + first body segment
metasome- posterior 1/2 of body
urosome - narrow posterior, looks like tail
179
copepod cephalasome
prosome + metasome
180
most common type of planktonic copepods
calanoid copepods
181
copepod taxonomy
```
Phylum Crustacea
Subclass Copepoda
```
182
amphipod morphology
half-moon shaped, shorter antennae, 7 prs. walking legs, 2-50mm, laterally compressed, humpbacked, unstalked black eyes
183
amphipod body segments
head/thorax- head, antennae, body, walking legs
| abdomen- posterior section of body, pleopods, uropods
184
determine plankton abundance
take pipette sample - count - extrapolate to size of sample - x2 (b/c half is frozen) - / volume of water filtered by net
185
how to find out volume of water filtered by net
flow meter or
V = pie * r^2 * h
x by efficiency
186
Euphausiid taxonomy
Phylum Curstacea
| Order Euphausiacea
187
Euphausiid morphological characteristics
```
krill, curved body
shrimp-like body
prominent, stalked eyes
2 main body sections
not laterally compressed
usually largest crustacean zoop., 10-60mm
5 pairs of swimming legs
```
188
Euphausiid behaviour characteristics
form huge swarms
| strong vertical migrators
189
Euphausiid body segments
anterior fused carapace
| posterior segmented abdomen
190
Pteropod taxonomy
Phylum Mollusca
| Order Pteropoda
191
Pteropods
sea butterflies
pelagic swimming gastropods
wing-like structures adapted from molluscan foot
shelled or shell-less
192
local pteropod genus
Limacina
193
most common shell-less pteropod genus
Clione
| local Clione species feeds exclusively on Limacina
194
common local Euphausiids
Euphausia pacifica
| Thysanoessa spinifera
195
Larvacean taxonomy
Phylum Chordata
| Class Larvacea
196
Larvacean characteristics
not invertebrates
head, long tail, notochord
5-25mm
mucus house
197
Phylum Chaetognatha characteristics
```
arrow worms
elongate arrow-shape
3 paired fins
1-10cm
c.a. 60spp.
do not have clearly differentiated head
eyespots
grasping spines on head
```
198
common local Chaetognath
Sagitta
199
Chaetognath feeding
exclusively carnivorous
| prey on other zoop. and larval
200
Ostracod
segmented crustacean w/ head, thorax, abdomen all enclosed in hinged carapace which is held shut by strong muscles
most species
201
UTC
Coordinated Universal Time
PDT +7 hours
7 hours ahead of BC
202
why would organisms want to undergo diel vertical migration
avoid predation expenditure of energy (cooler waters at bottom during day)
203
phytoplankton size
<2µm - 2mm
most <100 µm
chains = several mm
204
phytoplankton coverings
SiO2
CaCO3
cellulose
ornamented
205
phytoplankton are
```
unicellular microscopic algae
mostly individual (some chains)
floaters (or weak swimmers)
```
206
Phytoplankton role in marine ecosystem
primary producer - photoautotroph
link abiotic and biotic environments
produce organic material
207
Phytoplankton photosynthetic pigments
chlorophyll a
| accessory pigments
208
Photosynthesis
H2O + CO2 + E -- CH2O + O2
209
Ecologically important phytoplankton groups
cyanobacteria (prokaryote)
Diatoms (eukaryote)
Coccolithophore (e)
Dinoflagellates (e)
210
why do diel migrations not go all the way to the bottom in Saanich Inlet?
anoxic layer!
| depth of diel migration is probably the o-a boundary
211
Diel
a 24 hour cycle
212
Best time to sample for phytoplankton based on acoustic backscatter?
Dawn - zooplankton have undergone vertical migration (down) and will not be grazing/in the way
213
First photosynthetic organisms
cyanobacteria
| c.a. 3.5bya
214
free oxygen in atmosphere
c.a. 2 bya
215
possible origin of photosynthetic organisms
purple sulfur bacteria
reduce C to carbs
photosyn. but no O2 release
use H2S not H2O
216
Prokaryotic phytoplankton
Cyanobacteria
217
2 groups of cyanobacteria
```
Coccoid cyanobacteria (Synechococcus)
Prochlorophythes (Prochlorococcus)
```
218
why are we only concerned with 2 groups of cyanobacteria
they are ubiquitous and represent a large fraction of phytoplankton biomass and productivity in the oceans
219
discovery of Synechococcus
1980's by its intense orange phycoerythrin fluorescence
220
largest group of zooplankton
copepods, by far
221
smallest known photoautotroph
Prochlorococcus (prochlorophythes)
single cell
thrives in oligotrophic regions
222
Prochlorococcus discovery
late 1980s
| dim red fluorescence detected
223
Synechococcus
solitary cells or clusters/pairs
| accidental discovery
224
other cyanobacteria group
Trichodesmium
225
diazotroph
bacteria/archaea that fix atmos. N gas into a more usable form such as ammonia
-water must be calm, warm
226
Best known planktonic diazotroph
Trichodesmium
| colonial or free-living
227
Diatoms
single cell or chains
two types of cells
frustule
228
Diatom cell types
centric (radial)
| pennate (bilateral)
229
diatom frustule
```
SiO2 or Opal
Epitheca (top)
Hypotheca (bottom)
Cingulum (girdle bands, overlap)
pores
Pseudoseptum, septum in epitheca
```
230
chain-forming diatom cell type
pennate and centrics
231
diatom productivity is highest
in areas of upwelling
| west coasts
232
coccolithophore
unicell or colony
may be flagellated
body scales
affect climate
233
coccolithophore scales
coccoliths
| CaCO3
234
coccolithophore impacts
produce CO2 during calcification
produce DMS - cloud formation
produce biogenic sediments
235
calcification
2HCO3- + Ca 2+ --- CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
236
coccolithophore sediments
calcareous ooze
| chalk/limestone (lithified ooze)
237
diatom sediments
```
siliceous ooze
diatomaceous earth (lithified ooze)
```
238
Dinoflagellates
```
unicells, chains
2 flagella (sometimes)
rotary swimming
theca
may bioluminesce
may produce toxins
```
239
difference between cyanobacteria and other bacteria
cyano. - autotrophic
| other bacteria - heterotrophic
240
how cyanobacteria are unique compared with other photosynthesizers
have accessory pigments to cover more of spectrum - allows success in various habitats
241
theca
dinoflagellate covering
| cellulose plates
242
prokaryote photosynthesizer
cyanobacteria
243
Cingulum
area where diatom thecae overlap
| expands w/ cell growth
244
Centric diatoms
predominantly planktonic
245
Diatom covering
organic layer outside of frustule to prevent dissolution
246
frustule studies
lots of concern over how they're formed and used
| nanotechnology, medical, space, neuro
247
HAB
harmful algal bloom
aggregation of dinof.
harmful effects to humans and marine environment
some contain poisonous toxins
248
most abundant element on Earth
Si
249
HAB in coastal BC waters
Alexandium catenella
saxitoxin
PSP
250
saxitoxin
neurotoxin
| Na channel blocker
251
PSP
paralytic shellfish poisoning
252
Adaptations for planktonic existence
```
small size
spines
chain forming
ionic regulation of cell
lipids/oil drops
gas vesicles
carbohydrate ballast
flagella
```
253
planktonic adaptation, small size
staying afloat
254
planktonic adaptations, spines
increase SA:V
| increase drag
255
planktonic adaptations, chain forming
reduce sinking
256
planktonic adaptations, ionic regulation
actively release heavier ions
| makes them lighter (diatoms)
257
planktonic adaptations, lipids/oil
increase buoyancy
| nutrient storage
258
planktonic adaptations, gas vesicles
internal tubes filled with air to move up
increase buoyancy
(cyanobacteria)
259
planktonic adaptations, carbohydrate ballast
create carbs to fill tubes and reduce air in them move down
sinking for nutrients
(cyanobacteria)
260
planktonic adaptation, flagella
locomotion
261
Importance of phytoplankton
```
PP - food chain base
Form extensive blooms
Influence atmospheric/aquatic chemistry
Form oil, siliceous, and limestone deposits
Impact global climate
Geochemical cycle
```
262
Phytoplankton chemistry changes
Produce O2
Drawdown CO2
Sink carbon
Contribute to cloud formation
263
Control of Si levels in surface waters
Si cycle controlled by diatoms
264
Planktoniella sol
mucogenic extensions (like a sun) parachute that helps float
265
Pennate diatom environment
predominantly benthic
266
Problem with chain forming/colonial diatoms
can be harmful to farmed fish - Si sharp, tear up gills
| farm fish can't leave area
267
first plankton to bloom in spring
diatoms
| abundant in cool, nutrient rich waters
268
why are nutrients high in deep waters
not being used
accumulate -sinking of unused particles/detritus
remineralized back in to useable forms by heterotrophic bacteria
269
Area between nutrient high deep waters and nutrient low surface
Nutricline
270
Pseudo-nitzschia
pennate, stick together at ends, produce neurotoxin (demoic acid)
271
Coccolithophore impact on carbon system
variable depending on shell formation and sink
in surface water approx. equal
long term = sink
272
Emiliania
abundant coccolith that produces DMS - cloud nuclei
273
phytoplankton reproduction
asexual
up to 1 daughter/ day
exponential growth in #s
274
Effects of ocean acidification
lowers shell integrity, dissolves
| decreases ability for plate formation
275
Red tides
HAB
mostly dinoflagellates
(not always red)
276
First true oceanographic research cruise
Challenger Expedition
277
Challenger expedition
```
1872 - 1876
Atlantic, Pacific, Southern oceans
physical, chemical, bio sampling
deep sea currents
discovery of Marianas Trench
```
278
Considerations for choice of sampling methods and design
```
target - organisms? fish, viruses?
who
how many - abundance?
how often -spatially/temporally
what do they do - productivity, movement
```
279
Sampling considerations, target
size
age-structure
whole community
280
Sampling considerations, how many, how often
Numeric abundance (individuals / m3)
Biomass (mg chla/m3)
spatial/temporal trends in abundance (within or between)
281
Sampling considerations, what do they do
Movement - vertical migration
| Productivity - rate of population growth
282
Sampling considerations, physical data
CTD probe
irradiance (PAR)
[O2]
chlorophyll fluorescence
283
Light absorbed by chl a
use in photosynthesis
dissipated as heat
re-emitted as fluorescent red light (5%)
284
Measuring chlorophyll fluorescence in vivo
excite seawater sample w/ blue light - chl absorbed by chl - chl fluoresces -- measure red light produced
285
mechanisms for measuring chl in vivo
```
sample tube
blue LED
red filter
photo diode detector
volt meter
```
286
Water sampling
Traditional - Niskin bottle suspended from a wire
| Modern Method - CTD-Rosette
287
water sampling, traditional method
discrete depth measurements
| bottles 'tripped' close with 'messengers' (weights)
288
water sampling, modern method
up to 36 niskins in a frame
CTD, fluorometer
real-time data
computer controlled firing
289
Niskin bottles used for
quantitative sampling: phytoplankton, bacteria, virusis
290
Phytoplankton sampling (biomass)
usually estimated with [Chl]
291
Qualitative phytoplankton sampling
fine mesh net (less than 20µm)
| not used often - too fine, tears easily
292
Counting/Identifying bacteria, phytoplankton
Inverted light/epifluorescence microscopy
Flow cytometer
Cell/particle counter (mainly phyto.)
submersible flow cytometer (mainly phyto.)
Imaging particle analysis (phyto. and zoo.)
Sediment traps (settling material)
293
zooplankton sampling
net
net system
computer-assisted counting technology
high-frequency acoustics (biomass)
294
zooplankton net size
70µm - greater than 1mm
295
types of zooplankton nets
ring net
closing net
bongo net
tucker trawl
296
multiple zooplankton net system
MOCNESS
| Multiple Opening/Closing Net and Environmental Sensing System
297
how in situ fluorescence measurement works
Blue light in – red light out in a manner proportional to amount of chl
298
bottom of euphotic zone
irradiance less than 1%
299
computer assisted zooplankton counter
Optical Plankton Counter
300
Vertically stratified sampling
determine differences in depth distribution (#s, biomass)
using basic nets - tow up from bottom - another sample from mid - another from surface - use subtraction to find different depths
needs many samples
301
Net sampling problems
nets don't catch everything
patchiness
get clogged
logistics - sample processing
302
epifluorescence microscope
put organisms in, let them settle (~24hrs), shines specific wavelengths – small to large range of cells
303
Flow Cam
larger cells, similar to flow cytometer, laser, takes picture when laser hits a particle
304
Submersible flow cytometer
characterize light signatures, also takes pictures
305
velocity of water in front of plankton net
increases closer to net
| Organisms that can sense hydrodynamic disturbance can avoid the net
306
sediment trap
```
understand C transfers measure ‘raining’ of particles/marine snow
mesh top (to keep fish out) – funnel – tube (on a timer so it moves to the next tube)
```
307
Sediment traps
```
long lines
moored to bottom
different depths
tethered to surface
free drifting (acoustic release and recovery)
```
308
Ring net
zooplankton sampling of large portion of water column not multiple specific depth samples
309
velocity through net mouth vs time
measured for flowmeter in middle and out to side of net, difference between the two gives an idea of how clogged net is getting
310
CPR
Continuous (Zoo) Plankton Recorder
311
CPR used when
towed by ships of opportunity
312
how CPR works
water flow -- filtering silk-- silk rolled into storage tank w/ formalin
later id'd, counted
'greenness' = weak indicator
313
CPR coverage
greatest along major shipping routes
314
optical counting methods
count and size zoop. automatically
| can't ID
315
VPR
Video Plankton Recorder
| collects underway video images of zooplankton
316
BIOMAPER II
comines VPR w/ CTD, bioacoustics, fluorometer, etc.
317
Bioacoustics measurements
high frequency (200kHz) pulse emitted from hull-mounted echosounder (or installed on platforms)
318
how bioacoustics works
ping every 2s, record vertical, temporal variations in [organism] in water column
reflects off zooplankton (and fish)
used to measure diel vertical migration
319
ZAP measures
concentrations and patterns throughout the year
320
problems with ZAP
acoustic backscatter
background noise masks acoustic scatter
no ID - requires direct sampling for verification
acoustic dead zone - difficult to measure benthic
321
information collected on event logs
date, station name, physical conditions, event #, event type, time, lat/long., bottom depth, cast depth, extra notes
322
Graphing, figure caption
```
figure numbered sequentially
specific, concise
what, where, when
date, organization, data handling
details of legend
```
323
Graphing, lines
continuous data = solid line
| discrete data = dotted/dashed line
324
Graphing, colour mixing
avoid using red/green together
don't use colours close in hue
avoid grayscale
325
Graphing, font and details
leading zeros on decimals
significant fig.'s only
capital letters for parts (A.)
At least 9pt. and bold
326
Plankton distribution
not homogenous
| differences due to light, nutrients
327
In vivo fluorescence data
not very accurate
| needs to be quantified w/ physical samples
328
over-interpreting discrete data
actual trend may differ significantly from estimated trend line
can cause misleading conclusions
be cautious when interpreting
329
combination plot
multiple x-axes
| useful for comparisons and co-varying trends
330
graph dimensions
oceanographic graphs are usually taller than wide
331
waterfall plot
multiple profiles on same graph
| add constant to successive plots to spread them out for visual ease
332
plotting zooplankton data
stacked bar graph
abundance vs station
stacks are the taxa
333
our sampling boat
MSV John Strickland
334
Sampling we did
CTD
Niskin
Net tow
335
Sampling we did, CTD
```
salinity
temperature
density
PAR
fluorescence
dissolved oxygen
```
336
Sampling we did, Niskins
```
Dissolved nutrients (Nitrate, Phosphate, Silicic acid)
Phytoplankton biomass (chl a)
```
337
Sampling we did, zooplankton nets
taxonomy
| biomass
338
How CTD measurements are taken
lower through water column 1m/s
339
type of CTD we use
SeaBird SBE19
SBE43 Oxygen sensor
WetLabs Wetstar fluorometer
Biospherical PAR
340
How we measured Chl
glass fibre filter (0.7µm) into filtration funnel base - measure some water - draw through filter with vacuum (5mm Hg) - rinse w/ FSW - freeze - dry - weigh
341
Our zooplankton net
60cm diameter SCOR net
250µm mesh
closing attachment
flow meter
342
How the net is towed
1m/s up (I think we did 0.5m/s)
| faster = net damage
343
Net retrieval
carefully bring weights on to deck
wash down so plankton goes in to cod-end (keep it up straight)
never grab by the net
pour into splitter, wash with FSW, freeze half, preserve half
344
role of phytoplankton in the ocean
fix CO2 into organic matter
pass Corg from producers -- consumers and the deep
Return C to seawater
345
how carbon is returned to seawater
```
respiration
bacterial decomposition (remineralization, decay)
```
346
Where carbon ends up in ocean
returned to seawater or 'locked away' in sediments
347
How satellites measure phytoplankton
reflectance of light (at certain wavelengths) is altered by algae
348
PB
phytoplankton biomass
standing stock
total phytoplankton in a given area or volume of water
349
PP
Primary productivity
| RATE at which organic matter is produced by PP's via photosynthesis
350
Phytoplankton 'bloom'
accumulation of biomass in a particular area, typically from increase PP/cell division
351
productivity is
a change with TIME
352
PB measured as
#cells/L m^2 or m^3
g C or N/L or /m^2
g Chlorophyll a/L m^2 m^3
353
PB #cells measured how
counted with microscope or particle counter
354
PB g C measured how
elemental analyzer
355
PB g Chlorophyll measured how
fluorescence
356
most common way to measure PB
fluorescence
| (g Chl a / area or volume
357
Methods for measuring Chl
In vivo fluorescence
In vitro fluorescence
Remote sensing w/ Satellites
358
In vivo fluorescence
flow-through fluorometer emits blue light causing organisms to fluoresce red light which is measured and converted to a Chl estimate
359
In vitro fluorescence
```
sample sw at various depths
collect samples
filter known volume
extract Chl from filter
put in acetone (24hr)
measure in fluorometer
```
360
Remote sensing with satellites
converts ocean color measurement to Chl a
361
benefit of satellite measuring chlorophyll
ability to examine global patterns
362
Satellites can measure how much
5-25m depth
363
Important ocean color satellites
Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS, 1978-1986)
Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS, 1997-2010)
MERIS (Europe, 2002-2012)
MODIS (NASA, since 2000)
364
GPP
Gross PP = total PP
| total org. matter produced by phyto. / unit time
365
NPP
Net PP = GPP - respiration
| amount of org. matter produced by phyto. that is available to primary consumers / unit time
366
Is PP proportional to Biomass
sometimes
| not always
367
Methods for measuring PP
```
integrate over temporal/spatial scales
Satellite (months, globally)
O2 mass balance (weeks, mixed layer)
Incubations (days, specific depth)
FRRF (minutes, single cells)
```
368
FRRF
fast repetition rate flourometry – how fast can a single cell grow
369
Incubation methods for measuring primary productivity
Measure the evolution of O2
Measure the uptake of CO2 (14C/13C)
Measure the uptake of N or Si (15N, 32Si)
370
how incubations are conducted
incubate seawater samples in light and dark bottles (at different light intensities) for several hours
371
O2 technique for measuring primary productivity
leave light and dark bottles in water column (different depths) for period of time
measure O2 given off by photosynthesis and utilized during respiration
372
what is incubations
tracking the different components of productivity (evolution of O2…) using isotopes to trace movement of component in to cells
373
processes that occur in light bottles
photosynthesis
| respiration
374
processes that occur in dark bottles
respiration
375
Measurement taken from light bottle
NPP
| PP - Respiration
376
measurement taken from dark bottle
Respiration
377
Calculating GPP
light bottle + dark bottle
| NPP + R
378
Factors that regulate PP
Light quantity and quality
Nutrient availability
Grazing Pressure
Temperature (to a lesser degree)
379
Why is temperature not as important of a regulator on PP as the others
because organisms adapt
| rapid changes in T are more of a factor than T itself
380
Light that reaches ocean surface
50% of insolation reaches surface
1/2 of that is absorbed/scattered in first few m's
1/2 of remaining light is visible spectrum and penetrate water
381
The 1/8 of light that penetrates the ocean in the visible spectrum
PAR
| photosynthetically active radiation
382
UV spectrum
400 - 700nm
383
1/4 of light that is absorbed in the first few m's of the ocean
```
UV radiation (380nm) scattered
IR radiation converted to heat
```
384
Depth to which visible light can penetrate the water column is a function of
Wavelength of light
| Clarity of the water
385
Penetration of light as a function of wavelength
Blue - deeper
| Red - shallower
386
Penetration of light as a function of water clarity
more particulate/dissolved matter = more rapid absorption/scattering
387
light penetration, open ocean
deeper relative to coastal due to less particulates
388
why isn't max PP at 0m?
TOO much UV
| photo inhibition
389
compensation depth
```
NPP = 0
GPP = R
```
390
Determine NPP, GPP, compensation depth from graph
depth vs. PP
NPP and GPP have same shape curve with GPP being a fixed constant larger - that constant is R
comp. depth is where NPP curve goes to 0
391
Net efficiency
takes in to account that not the whole 'cylinder' of water passes through the net due to the net clogging
80% was determined experimentally
392
What happens below compensation depth
productivity may still occur but is lower than productivity
393
Transmittance vs wavelength
high and low wavelengths have low transmittance, and it decreases with lower clarity of water
394
Low transmittance =
high absorption
| particle rich waters
395
Energy vs wavelength
low E at 400, 700 nm
highest E 500nm
E curve is lower in more turbid waters
Coastal waters - E barely rises
396
Light intensity decay
exponential with depth
397
Light Intensity, I_D
```
I_o * e^(-k*d)
I_D = radiation at depth
I_o = radiation at surface
k = light extinction coefficient
D = depth
(exponential equation)
```
398
Light intensity vs depth
max at surface, drops off exponentially
| clear ocean water curve is to the right of turbid coastal water
399
How to find the bottom of the euphotic zone
use sensor
| calculate I_D
400
determining k
Radiometer
| Secchi disk
401
Radiometer
records light intensity directly
402
Secchi disk
depth at which it 'disappears' is called Secchi disk depth D_s
K = 1.7 / D_s
403
Gravimetric determination of zooplankton biomass
filter on petri dish - weigh - put filter paper in filtration funnel - pour sample into funnel - rinse - suction water through filter - filter back on petri - dry in oven (60ºC 24-48hrs) - weigh - / volume of water through net * efficiency * 2 (sample was split in 1/2)
404
zooplankton abundance determination
measure amount of water in an jar w/ same amount of liquid as sample - take 10/20mL of sample - put in Bogorov tray - ID and count
405
SCOR
Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research
406
Dominant type of zooplankton in our samples
copepod
407
what does copepod morphology say about it's lifestyle
no eyes - lives in dark
cephalic sensory organs + appendages - motile
oil/lipids - buoyancy, floating
408
role of phytoplankton in the oceans
fix CO2 into org matter
pass OM from prod. - cons.
return C to seawater where deposition 'locks it away'
409
Carbon is returned to seawater through
respiration
| bacterial decomp
410
How do phytoplankton deal with variability in light quality
use accessory pigments to harvest additional light energy
| carotenoids
411
How do phytoplankton deal with variability in high quantity
photosynthesis vs irradiance
| relationship differed based on water mass and species
412
light intensity decay dependent on
particles in water column
413
disphotic zone in turbid waters
higher
414
depth of the euphotic zone
compensation depth
| 1% irradiance
415
photosynthesis and light intensity
proportional until P_max
416
P_max
maximum photosynthesis value
417
P_gross =
Pmax * I / K_I + I
I = ambient PAR
K_I = half saturation constant
418
K_I
I when P = Pmax/2
419
P_max response to
environmental changes which affect dark rxn's of photosyn.
420
Comparing P_max and K_I
to determine species dominance
421
measure light intensity
PAR
light sensor
radiometer
422
K =
ln (I_o) - ln(I_D) / D
I_O = light at surface
I_D = light at depth
423
what if K is known but I is not
calculate depth a % of light intensity is at
I_D = I_0 * e(-k * d)
0.5 = 1.0 * e(-k * d)
424
beyond P_max
photo inhibition
too much light
saturation
425
D_cr
critical depth
| depth above which total production = total respiration in the water column
426
Ī_D
average light intensity
| =[ I_o / (k*D) ] [ 1 - e ^ -k*D]
427
D_cr =
I_o / k *I_c
GPP_w = R_w
GPP _w - R_w = 0
428
depth of mixing > D_cr
no phytoplankton bloom
429
GPP_w < R_w
NPP_w < 0
mixing depth > D_cr
no bloom
430
D_c controlled by
transparency of water
| seasons
431
why does critical depth affect bloom
if cells mixed below D_cr they will be using products faster than producing them
432
what are nutrients
chemical substances
support life
dissolved salts
precursors for synthesis of OM
433
N use
proteins
| nucleic acids
434
P use
nucleic acids
| teeth, bones, shells
435
Na use
body fluid
| osmotic regulation
436
Mg use
osmotic balance
| Chl production
437
S use
proteins
| cell division
438
Cl use
nerve discharge
osmotic regulation
ATP
439
K use
nerve discharge
osmotic regulation
enzyme activation
440
Ca use
shells
bones
coral
teeth
441
mixing depth < D_cr
phytoplankton bloom
| can achieve surplus of products
442
Si use
tests and other support structures
443
Fe use
e- transport
444
GPP_w > R_w
NPP_w > 0
| bloom
445
nutrient requirements
different organisms have different requirements, availability can contribute to changes in community composition, succession
446
nutrients and PP
can regulate PP when light is abundant
| limiting resource
447
Essential phytoplankton growth elements
C, N, H, P, O, Fe, Cu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn
| Also most require S, K, Ca
448
nutrients essential for some phytoplankton
Na, Si, Cl, Co, Se, B, I
449
Vitamins
required by most phytoplankton
| Vitamin B12, Vit B1, Biotin
450
Vitamin B12
cyanocobalamine
| cobalamine
451
Vitamin B1
thiamine
452
phytoplankton and vitamins
since most don't produce vitamins they are actually auxotrophic (produce their own organics)
453
Macronutrient
present in µM's
| C, N, P, H, O, Si
454
micronutrients
trace elements
present in nM's
Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn
455
nutrients that are never limiting
Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO4, H2O, CO2
456
nutrients that are limiting
N, P, Si, Fe, organics, vitamins
short supply
bio-limiting
457
Bio-limiting nutrient
depleted in surface water by biological uptake in photosynthesis
returned at depth from bacterial degradation
458
bio-limiting profile
typical low in surface, increase to bottom of euphotic, stabilize with depth
459
Redfield ratio
linear regression of dissolved [Nitrate] vs [Phosphate]
| 106C : 16N : 1P (mol/mol)
460
variations in bio-limiting profiles between regions
same overall shape
| difference []s at depth due to thermohaline circulation (Pacific > Atlantic)
461
critical depth is calculated based on
properties of the water column
e.g. transparency
independent of mixing
462
D_c, D_cr
D_cr > D_c always
463
CDT (theory)
```
Critical depth theory
Gran, Broarud (1935), Sverdrup (1953)
relationship btw light and productivity
underrepresented grazing
does not apply to every region
```
464
why does CDT not always apply
grazing pressures and other limiting factors that affect productivity of the water column
465
biogeochemical cycles
nutrient cycles
mineral cycles
flow of nutrients btw ocean, atmosphere, land
466
nutrient biogeochemical cycle
inorganic material -- OM ---- up food web --- microbial loop --- back to photosyn. zone -- IM ---
467
biogeochemical cycle controls
biotic and abiotic processes
| affect form and physical state
468
biotic processes, biogeochemical cycle
Inorganics - Organics by phytopl.
CO2, Si(OH)4, NO3
decomp. of OM by bacteria
return inorg to water
469
abiotic processes
```
wind mixing
upwelling
river discharge
sewage outfall
atmosphere- ocean diffusion
atmospheric input (dust)
add nutrients to water
```
470
common PP, PB limiting factor
N
471
Nitrogen cycle, components
N2 (gas), NO3 (nitrate), NO2 (nitrite), NH4 (ammonium), NH3 (ammonia), CO(NH2)2 (urea), Amino acids, other DIN
472
DIN
N2, NO3-, NO2-, NH4+, NH3
473
most abundant N species
N2 (780µM)
NO3 (0-40µM)
all else 0-3 µM
474
N2 (g) use
only by cyanobacteria, must fix in to useable form
475
DON
Urea, Amino acids, others
476
preferred N forms for PP
NO3, NH4
477
dictates preference for any species of a nutrient
lowest Energy requirement
478
N used for
```
aa's
enzymes, proteins
nucleotides, nucleic acids
ATP
chl
```
479
To use N as NO3, NO2, urea, etc.
must first reduce it to NH4, requires ATP + enzymes
| this is why NH4 is preferred (but is low in abidance)
480
processes that bring N to surface waters
```
runoff
gas exchange
upwelling
deep/winter mixing
denitrification??
```
481
processes that contribute to loss of N from surface ocean
nitrification
fixation
??
482
limiting factor in modern ocean system
nitrogen
483
New production
portion of PP that results from utilization of 'new nitrogen'
mainly NO3, N2
484
regenerated production
portion of PP resulting from 'regenerated nitrogen'
| mainly NH4, urea
485
new production
ca. = export production
486
Processes that bring Si to surface ocean
```
Upwelling of nutrient rich H2O
river/groundwater discharge
Aeolian
Hydrothermal processes
Seafloor weathering
weathering of silicate minerals
```
487
Processes that contribute to loss of Si from surface ocean
Sedimentation of diatoms, radiolarians, silicoflagellates
“Lost” particulate Si eventually recycled back (dissolution)
Production and dissolution of biogenic bSiO2
488
kinetics of nutrient uptake
depend on transport mechanism
passive diffusion
facilitated diffusion
489
passive diffusion
V proportional to S
V = uptake rate
S = external concentration of nutrient (substrate)
490
active transport
saturation of carriers as S increases
| rectangular hyperbola, Michaelis Menten uptake
491
K_s and molecular diffusion
lower K_s = higher affinity of carrier site for molecule
492
in limiting nutrient scenarios, K_s
low K_s species out-compete and dominate
493
paradox of the plankton
different species, different needs, coexisting?
| gradients, mixing, many factors constantly changing
494
contemporaneous disequilibrium
each species has different nutrient requirements, K_s, K_I, etc.., will dominate in some time and space but conditions will change and favour another species. ever changing balance
495
what is the redfield ratio
atomic ratio of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus found in phytoplankton and throughout the deep oceans
496
most N is in the form
N2 - not utilized by most plankton
497
N most commonly used by plankton
NO3
498
aminoacid formation
need NH4, must reduce
| NO3 - NO2 - NH4
499
typical plankton cycle
spring bloom - use up NO3 - NO3 replenished by winter mixing
500
HNLC
High Nitrate Low Chlorophyll regions
3 large regions - 1/3 of oceans
no spring bloom
surplus NO3
501
HNLC regions of the world
subarctic Pacific Ocean
eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean
Southern Ocean
502
Fe in the ocean
dissolved [Fe] very low
ppm - ppt
less than 0.2 nM
average 0.07nM
503
Fe in the ocean
dissolved [Fe] very low
ppm - ppt
less than 0.2 nM
average 0.07nM
504
Fe profile
nutrient-like profile
| limiting in surface
505
open ocean Fe sources
upwelling
Aeolian (dust, ash)
coastal eddies
hydrothermal vents
506
Coastal Fe sources
rivers
continental runoff
resuspension of bottom sed.
507
Fe-requiring pathways
photosynthesis
nitrogen assimilation
synthesis of chl a
508
nitrogen assimilation, Fe
Fe needs for synthesis of Nitrate Reductase (NR) and Nitrite Reductase (NiR)
convert NO3 - NO2 - NH4
509
IRON hypothesis
Dr. John Martin, 1986
| phyto. growth in HNLC areas limited by Fe availability
510
Testing Iron hypothesis
test tubes of natural seawater spike w/ Fe
511
observations of Fe testing
dramatic increase in [Chl a]
| decrease in [NO3]
512
first Fe experiment
1989
Southern ocean
Dr. Martin
513
criticism of Fe experiments
skeptical of results
small containers, no mixing
zooplankton removed
possibility of Fe contamination
514
evidence for Fe hypothesis
Ice age - less rain, dry dusty Earth - dust blowing over ocean - massive phytoplankton bloom - CO2 drawdown - aid in further climate cooling
515
results of further Fe testing
using ultra-clean techniques founds Fe stimulates growth and NO3 uptake in all 3 HNLC regions
516
why are nutrient concentrations higher in deep water
remineralization throughout water column
below nutricline nutrients not being used for photosyn.
return > use
517
where do we see deviations from red field ratio
fixation of N2
| Fe limitation
518
growth and NO3 uptake from Fe experiment
mostly occurred in large size cells, diatoms
| mainly >10µM
519
open ocean cells
generally small
520
size-biased response to Fe
picoplankton have lower K_s for Fe
| greater SA:V
521
why SA:V matters in size-bias response to Fe
pico plankton are better able to absorb molecules in low concentration
522
IronEx 1
Oct 1993
1st ocean manipulation
single Fe pulse - 65k ^2, eastern equatorial Pacific
tracked w/ Chl a fluorescence, SF6 inert gas
523
results of IronEx1
2-3 days = 3X [Chl a]
4X NPP
no measurable drawdown of NO3, CO2
4 days = fertilized water subjects below pycnocline
524
IronExII
June 1995
64km^2 patch, 3X 1 week
tracked w/ Chl a, SF6
525
IronEx II results
```
19 days, drifted 10-100km/day
2X Phyto growth rates
25X [Chl a]
50% decrease [NO3]
O-A CO2 flux decreased 60%
micro, meso zooplankton biomass doubled
```
526
SOIREE
Jan-Mar 1999
Southern Ocean
Fe added repeatedly over few weeks
527
SOIREE results
```
dissolve Fe decreased
photo. competency increased
PB increased
PP increased
N decreased from surface
large drawdown of atmospheric CO2
DMS increased
```
528
DMS produced by
```
haptophytes (Phaeocystis)
large gelatinous colonies or unicellular
extensive blooms in temperate ocean
dominate polar phyto assemblage
10% of total global DMS flux
```
529
SERIES
```
July-Aug 2002
Subarctic NE Pacific
nutrients decreased, chl increased
diatoms dominant
pseudo-nitzschia abundance at peak of bloom
```
530
common finding in mesoscale Fe experiments
all result in phytoplankton blooms
| wide range of bloom signature
531
steep curve in active transport kinetics
lower Ks (really good at uptake) – have high affinity for that nutrient, will dominate
532
why shouldn't zooplankton be removed from fe experiment
not a natural system
| does help to isolate the area of interest though
533
why is dissolved Fe added to ocean
so that it is bioavailable
| discourage sinking
534
Where would you expect to see Phaeocystis
higher Fe, low Si
| limiting environment for diatoms
535
where does C go in Fe experiments
may sink out
| may flux back to atmosphere
536
why does C flux back to atmosphere
increased productivity = increased grazing = increased respiration
537
LOHAFEX
Feb, Mar 2009
Indo-German, SW Alt
300km^2 inside eddy
followed 39 days
538
LOHAFEX results
```
Chl a biomass 2X in 2wks
heavy grazing pressure
some C sank out
some CO2 flux to atmos
Phaeocystis bloom
```
539
Ice ages
last ice age 30X higher dust
| higher bio productivity
540
risks of Fe fertilization
toxic blooms (Pseudo-nitzschia)
increased heterotrophy may cause higher CO2 flux to atmos.
increased DMS
541
commercial interests in Fe fertilization
increased fish production
542
delayed mode observing system
data retrieved when instrument recovered
long term use
require batteries
may become unknowingly disrupted
543
autonomous marine observatory
moored buoys that provide power to seafloor instruments and satellite communication link to land, communicate in real-time
battery powered
544
cabled marine observatory
linked to land by summarize cables providing a limitless source of power and communications/internet connectivity
continuous data, high resolution/frequency, expensive, not battery
545
observatory instrumentation
```
continuous presence
high sampling frequency
co-located sensors (multiple types of sampling)
interactivity (tell what to do)
event detection (set thresholds)
```
546
observatory limitations
not all variables measurable - reproductive state, physiological condition, metabolism, live sampling
547
not being able to do live sampling limits
community dynamics
population genetics
species colonization
548
ESP
```
environmental sample processor
discrete water samples
concentrate microorganisms
molecular probes
ID microorganisms and genes
```
549
Other observatory identification tool
plankton counting and imaging using back-lit LED cameras
| SCIPPS
550
ZAP
monitors presence/abundance of zoop. and fish by measuring acoustic backscatter
551
whale fall research
zombie worm, Osedax sp., digest whale by acid secretion; successional stages
552
Our cabled observatories
VENUS - Salish sea, 10yrs old
| NEPTUNE - 800km long, Port Alberni loop, across JDF plate, spreading ridge, Endeavour vents
553
community observatories
open source
smaller scale, easier to maintain
shallow water
10 in Canada
554
Instruments in an observatory
```
Node (power)
hydrophone array
camera platform
seafloor camera
instrument platform
```
555
being measured by NEPTUNE
```
earthquake, tsunami
ocean currents, waves
PP
C flux
Ocean acidification
ZOOP Biomass
migration
Mammal migration
benthic ecology dynamics
```
556
NEPTUNE core instrumentation
```
CTDs
ZAP
ADCP
Oxygen sensor
Nitrate sensor
CO2 sensor
Fluorometer
sediment traps
hydrophones
video cameras
seismomemeters
pressure reader
vertical profiler
```
557
Saanich inlet
```
24km fjord
max depth 200m
75-80m sill
inverse estuary
deep, wide sill
weak turbulence
anoxic most of year
```
558
Saanich Buoy profiling system
moored 3km S of VENUS
7m surface platform
profiling instrument package
3 pt fixed mooring
559
BPS instrumentation
```
Meterological station (Air T, barometer, relative humidity, wind)
MacArtney Winch (raise/lower CTD)
CTD, O2 sensor, c hl, fluorescence, optical turbidity
```
560
BPS profiling mode
4 profiling cycles a day
| parked at 200m
561
most common way to determine amount of phytoplankton
measure amount of Chl
562
most common technique for measuring Chl
extract from filtered sample using acetone, measure fluorescence in fluorometer
563
fluorescence is
process where photosynthetic pigments absorb list at one wavelength and emit light at another; intensity is proportional to amount
564
phaeopigments
breakdown products of chlorophyll produced during digestion by zooplankton
correct for by reading again after acidifying with HCl
