BIOL 321 Lab Part II Flashcards
(370 cards)
1
Q
Lophotrochozoa tree
A
Bilateria - Protostomia - Lophotrochozoa - 2 branches
1- Mollusca s.g. to Nemertea and Annelida
2. Bryozoa s.g. to Rotifer and Platyhelminthes
2
Q
Nemertea
A
previously proboscis/ribbon worm
soft-bodied, non-segmented, slight torso-ventral flattening, ciliated ventral surface, abundant mucous glands, apparent lack of secondary body cavity but coelomate
3
Q
Nemertea are coelomates?
A
lateral blood vessels are shrunk down coelomic compartments
epithelial lining derived from mesoderm, face lumen of blood vessel
4
Q
Nemertean digestion
A
tubular, one-way digestive tract with mouth and anus
5
Q
Nemertea characteristics
A
1-way digestive tract
eucoelomic compartments- circulatory system
eversible proboscis
6
Q
proboscis
A
eversible, enclosed in proboscis sac (rhynchocoel), dorsal to anterior part of gut
shot out of body through pore dorsal to mouth
wall of sac is mesodermally-derived, and wrapped in muscle
7
Q
Nemertean habitat
A
mainly marine
few fresh, few terrestrial (low resistance to desiccation)
under rocks, burrow in sediment
8
Q
Nemertean species
A
ca. 1200
9
Q
Tubulanus polymorphus
A
local nemertean
can be over 1m long
thin, long body, easily torn
vivid orange color, conspicuous coloration = chemical
10
Q
ejection of proboscis
A
circular muscles contract - fluid pressure in sac increases - proboscis shoots out - turns inside out
11
Q
proboscis elaborations
A
some have calcified stylet and secrete neurotoxin
12
Q
how does proboscis return to rhynchocoel
A
proboscis retractor muscle
13
Q
Nemertea movement
A
mucco-ciliary gliding
muscular wave crawling and dorsoventral swimming
14
Q
Lophophore
A
organ for capturing suspended food
circular/horseshoe-shaped fold of body wall that encircles mouth and bears ciliated tentacles
15
Q
Lophophorates
A
former phylum that contained Bryozoans, Brachiopods, and Phoronids that all contain lophophore
convergence
16
Q
Bryozoa habitat
A
marine, freshwater
attached to rocks, plants, animals, docks
17
Q
marine Bryozoans
A
lophophore forms circle of tentacles with mouth in centre
18
Q
Bryozoan characteristics
A
u-shaped digestive tract, anus outside lophophore
almost all colonial
various growth/body forms
19
Q
Bryozoan body forms
A
erect, branching, flat, encrusting
20
Q
individual bryozoan
A
zooids
21
Q
freshwater bryozoans
A
horseshoe shaped lophophore
22
Q
zooids secrete
A
zooecium exoskeleton
23
Q
Bryozoan reproduction
A
sexual, asexual (budding)
24
Q
zooecium material
A
chitinous
proteinaceous
calcareous
25
Membranipora
genus of marine bryozoan
| flat, encrusting colonies, often on kelp
26
Bugula
marine bryozoan
| erect, branching colonies
27
lophophore retracted into zooecium
with lophophoral retractor muscles
28
Bryozoan feeding
beat ciliary tracts on lophophore tentacles - water currents - bring in suspended particle - cilia capture particle - transfer down tentacle to mouth
29
formation of new Bryozoan colony
settlement and metamorphosis of a ciliated larva = original zooid of the colony
30
Membranipora Bryozoan colony
ancestor zooid metamorphoses to form double zooid = ancestrula
individuals of a colony are identical, no polymorphism
frontal membrane not calcified
31
Bryozoan polymorphism
autozooids - feeding, produce gametes
| heterozooids - defense zooids
32
Bugle heterozooid
avicularium
| non-feeding, look like bird beak, open and close jaw - prevent settling of microorganisms on them
33
lower beak of avicularium
mandible
| homologous to operculum of autozooid
34
Membranipora energy use
no frontal membrane calcification
| divert energy to rapid growth, differentiation, and sexual maturation b/c seasonal species
35
freshwater bryozoan class
```
all one class
larger zooids, more lophophoral tentacles in horseshoe shape
produce overwintering bodies
```
36
overwintering bryozoan body
statoblast - yolky mesothelial cells congregate - cohesive mass - surrounded by epithelium - secret chitinous covering - covering may have elaborate looks or air pockets
floating, freezing, desiccation protection
germinate in spring when conditions less harsh
37
Mollusca phylogeny
Aculifera s.g. Conchifera
Aculifera -- Aplacophora, Polyplacophora
Conchifera -- (Monoplacophora, Cephalopoda) s.g. (Scaphopoda (Bivalvia, Gastropoda))
38
Gastropoda phylogeny
Vetigastropoda s.g. Patellogastropoda
| Neritimorpha s.g. Caenogastropoda s.g. Heterobranchia
39
Mollusca species
ca. 80,000
| second only to arthropods (in Metazoa)
40
Mollusc basic body plan
2 regions: cephalopodium (head + muscular foot), visceropallium (visceral organs, mantle)
41
mantle
pallium
dorsal covering of epidermal epithelium
secretes calcareous exoskeleton (1+ hard shell pieces) or spicules
42
mantle cavity
where mantle epithelium folds inward around periphery of foot and delineates a pocket -- open to surrounding water
43
In mantle cavity
Pallial organs: 1+ gills = ctenidia, 1-2 sensory organs = osphradia (s. um)
anus, nephridiopore, gonoduct
44
tongue-like mollusc structure
radula
ribbon of transverse rows of teeth repetitively protruded from mouth
-lacking in bivalves, secondarily lost in some gastropods
45
Mollusca sizes
1mm (snail) - 18m (giant squid)
46
gastropod larva
veliger
47
Polyplacophora
'many shells'
chitons
live on hard substrate, intertidal-shallow subtidal
dorso-ventrally flattened
48
Polyplacophora movement
slow crawl with ventral, muscular foot
49
polyplacophora feeding
radula scrape algae, bacteria off rock surface
50
distinctive chiton feature
8 overlapping, articulating dorsal plates embedded in mantle tissue
51
plates
valves
52
chiton mantle tissue surrounding valves
girdle
53
chiton cephalization
minimal - sedentary lifestyle
54
chiton anus
pigmented orange-brown strips in roof of mantle cavity on either side of anus = osphradia
55
chiton osphradia
concentration of sensory cells
| posterior sensory cells??? (unknown why)
56
molluscan gills with filaments on both sides of the central axis
bipectinate ctenidia
57
how chitons cling so well
grip hard surface with peripheral edge of muscular girdle - elevate roof of mantle cavity - create suction
58
water flow through mantle cavity of chiton
enters pallial groove -- down pallial groove, through gill chambers -- exits pallial groove at anus
59
smooth area of chiton valve embedded in girdle tissue
articulamentum - hard, white, CaCO3
60
rough, exposed area of chiton valve
tegumentum - brown, rough, mostly conchiolin protein
61
canal cells in chiton valves
canals run through articulamentum in to tegumentum, house sensory cells (aesthetes)
some are photoreceptors
62
chiton muscle groups for flexing shell valves
rectus muscles - slender bundles of longitudinal muscle extend down side of midline
transverse muscle - thick muscle pads at junction between shell valves. from dorsal side of one articulamentum to ventral side of next most articulamentum
63
chiton salivary glands
branched, yellow, open into buccal cavity
| secrete mucus to lubricate radula
64
esophageal glands
large, paired, 'sugar glands', secrete amylase to initiate food digestion
65
Chiton gonads
dioecious = gonochoristic = either testis or ovary not both
66
Radular teeth mounted on
basal strip of chitin
67
radular teeth deep in radular sac
small, incompletely formed, translucent
| new teeth continuously secreted at distal end of radular sac - move forward in conveyor belt fashion
68
new teeth secreted by
odontoblasts
69
why are new teeth continuously secreted
continuously worn/abraded off, need to be replaced
70
radular teeth organization
transverse rows of 17 teeth - central tooth + 8 lateral on each side of central
1 lateral on each side is larger and black = tricuspid
71
why is radula tricuspid black
magnetite cap
72
tissue beneath radula
2 cartilage-like rods = odontophoral cartilages
| protracted from mouth with radular ribbon to press teeth firmly against substrate
73
odontophoral cartilage + radular ribbon
buccal mass
74
buccal mass muscles
myriad muscles
| execute feeding motion, red (contain myoglobin) - supply hard working muscles w/ O2
75
characters of chitons shared with other molluscs
```
CaCO3 shells secreted by mantle tissue
ribbon of radular teeth
mantle cavity containing ctenidia, osphradia, and receives anus, nephridiopores, gonopores
bipectinate ctenidia
muscular foot on ventral side
```
76
bipectinate
branched like a feather on both sides of a main shaft
77
distinctive characters of chitons
```
8 overlapping valves - change body shape for unflat surface
sugar glands
magnetite capped teeth
straight digestive tract
can suction body to rock
```
78
Class Gastropoda
largest class of molluscs in species and diversity
79
Gastropoda distinctive character
torsion
80
torsion
brings anus, mantle, pallial organs to anterior position over back of head
180º rotation of visceropallium relative to cephalopodium
81
gastropod shell coil
asymmetrically around central axis
82
gastropod shell central axis
columella
83
aids in protection shell provides gastropod
operculum - hardened plate of protein, secreted by back of foot, seals aperture shut
84
Vetigastropoda
keyhole limpet
85
vetigastropoda characteristics
bipectinate ctenidia, perforated shell, 2 ctenidia, 2 osphradia, 2 hypobranchial glands
broadcast spawn, external fertilization
86
Caenogastropoda
dog whelk
monopectinate ctenidium, gill axis fused along length to roof of mantle cavity, shells not perforated, 1 ctenidium, 1 osphradium, 1 hypobranchial gland
internal fertilization, eggs deposited in benthic egg capsules, veliger larvae
87
monopectinate ctenidium
gill filaments arise from only one side of central gill axis
88
Heterobranchia
sea slugs, pond snails
89
Heterobranchia characteristics
reduction/loss of calcified shell, minimal torsion, true ctenidium often absent replaced by gas exchange structures
internal fertilization, eggs deposited in benthic egg capsules, veliger larvae
90
torsion in vetigastropods
full extent of torsion
mantle cavity fully anterior
anus mid-dorsally over back of head
91
torsion in caenogastropods
anterior mantle cavity
| anterior anus towards right side rather than mid-dorsal
92
heterobranchia torsion
little evidence of torsion in adult stage
93
importance of directing water into mantle cavity
oxygen over ctenidia filaments
| flush feces and urine out of mantle cavity
94
Heterobranch ctenidia
lost altogether
95
Gastropod perforation gas exchange
vetigastropods - 1+ shell perforations, 2 ctenidia on either side of anus
water enters mantle cavity on both sides of head, flows between filaments, exits mantle cavity by passing out of shell perforation
96
Caenogastropod gas exchange strategy
1 ctenidium and osphradium located on left side of anterior mantle cavity
anus toward right side
water enters left side - passes over osphradium - flows between ctenidia filaments - out right side of mantle cavity picking up waste
97
osphradium
patch of sensory epithelium
| may monitor possible contaminants or silt levels
98
Heterobranchia gas exchange
many lack ctenidium, mantle cavity may be lacking in adult, replaced ctenidium with various other gas exchange structures - anal branchiae, cerata
99
Pulmonates
mostly terrestrial and freshwater heterobranchs
usually breathe atmospheric O2
mantle cavity almost entirely sealed-off
100
pulmonate mantle cavity opening
pneumostome
101
pulmonate internalized mantle cavity
lung - muscles pump air in and out via pneumostome
102
gastropod shell mineral
CaCO3
| calcite or aragonite
103
keyhole-limpet shell
well-developed, heavily calcified, secondarily lost coiling, very wide aperture, no operculum
104
Nudibranch shell
only present in larval stage
| adult defense by defensive chemical
105
mollusc larva
veliger- planktonic, swim, some feed, coiled shell, foot, operculum, velum
106
velum
two lobes extending from either side of head
2 tracts of cilia around peripheral edge of each lobe
prototroch + metatroch
107
veliger prototroch
long cilia power swimming and bring phytoplankton toward veliger
108
Veliger effective stroke
prototrochal cilia down
109
veliger metatroch
runs parallel to prototroch, shorter cilia, power stroke is upward toward prototroch
110
veliger feeding
food particles caught between 2 ciliary bands and collected within food groove (also ciliated) - carry food particles to mid-ventral mouth
111
gill filaments arising from only one side of central axis of ctenidium
monopectinate
112
dorsal lateral outgrowths on the anterior surfaces of nudibranchs
cerata
113
cerata function
anal branchiae
aid in resperation
also attach and defense
114
nudibranch dorsal outgrowths (some nudibranchs)
cnidosacs
115
central axis of gastropod shell
columella
116
Class Bivalve phylogeny
Protobranchia
| Autobranchia - Pteriomorpha, Heteroconchia
117
Pteriomorpha includes
mussels, scallops, oysters
118
Heteroconchia includes
all other bivalves
119
bivalves are primarily adapted for
life buried in sediment
120
bivalve burial adaptations
laterally flattened foot
bi-valve shell, hinged dorsally
sensory structures
121
bivalve foot adaptation
thrusting into sand/mud during burrowing
122
bivalve shell adaptation
enclose to protect soft tissues from abrasive sediment, prevent collapse of
123
bivalve sensory structure adaptation
concentrated along periphery of mantle fold bordering edge of shell valves rather than on head
124
why are bivalve sensory structures around valve periphery and not on head
head lies deep within spaced enclosed by shell valves
125
Protobranchia characteristics
deposit feeders, single pr. bipectinate ctenidia, short gill filaments for gas exchange only, taxodont hinge dentition
126
protobranchia deposit feeding
use tentacle-like feeding appendages extending from either side of mouth - collect, deliver particles to mouth
127
protobranchia feeding appendages
palp proboscis
128
vast majority of extant bivalves
Autobranchia
129
vast majority of Autobranchia have
lamellibranch ctenidia
130
lamellibranch ctenidia
greatly elongated ctenidia filaments, arising from either side of central axis, elongated to extent that filaments on each side fold back on themselves
131
how is water drawn in to mantle cavity of most molluscs
beating of lateral cilia of ctenidia filaments
132
lamellibranch ctenidia function
used for gas exchange and suspension feeding - phytoplankton captured, delivered to mouth by cooperative activities of specialized ciliary tracts
133
Autobranchia hinge dentition
heterodont
134
Pteriomorphia characteristics
epibenthic, anchor to sediments/rocks w/ byssal threads or directly cement shell valve to substrate
much reduced foot
mantle margins not fused
135
why do pteriomorphs have reduced foot
absence of burrowing activity (also why mantle margins not fused)
136
most extant bivalves are in which auto branch clade
Heteroconchia
137
2 sections of lamellibranch ctenidium
demibranchs
138
demibranchs formed by
long row of folded gill filaments arising from either side of gill axis
139
byssal thread characteristics
proteinaceous, secreted by gland at base of foot, present in most bivalve juveniles, mussels retain gland while most bivalves lose as adults
140
bivalve shells
outer periostracum (tough protein)
underlying biomineral
periphery corrugated to form 3 lobes
141
how bivalve shells are enlarged
secretion of periostracum and bxomineral by the peripheral edge of each lateral mantle fold
142
bivalve shells, outer lobe
secretes periostracum and biomineral
143
bivalve shell, middle lobe
sensory structures
| row of light-reflecting eyespots
144
bivalve shell, inner lobe
muscular
pallial muscles from lobe to inner wall of shell
forms broad flap projecting into gape of shell
145
Pteriomorph eye
only bivalves with differentiated eye structures w/ lens, retina, pigment cells
146
bivalve shells are held together by
hinge ligament + adductor muscles + pallial muscles
147
adductor muscles
anchored on inner valve surface
extend between 2 valves
pull valves closed
most bivalves have 2 (A&P), same size
148
Mussel adductor muscles
anterior smaller than posterior
149
bivalves with single adductor muscle
oyster, scallop
| single muscle is the posterior, becomes centralize
150
pallial muscles
inner lobe of mantle fold - shell along a line parallel to peripheral shell margin (pallial line)
151
deep burrowing bivalves
have very long siphons
draw water into inhalant siphon along w/ O2, food
exhalant siphon delivers H2O back after O2, food extracted
152
siphon
elaboration of muscular lobe of mantle fold
153
pallial sinus
incursion of pallial line that creates space to accommodate the retracted siphons, if present
154
muscle scars
of A/P adductor muscles
155
hinge ligament
tough proteinaceous sheet that binds the 2 shell valves together at their dorsal margin
relaxed position = shell open
156
pallial line
where the pallial muscles attach to the shell
157
hinge dentition
interlocking teeth that prevent the shell valves from slipping sideways
158
Heterodont
1+ central cardinal teeth, flanked on 1/2 sides by lateral teeth
159
chondrophore
cavity or process that supports the internal hinge cartilage of the shell of a bivalve
160
Taxodont
many similar peg-like teeth in a row on either side of umbo
161
umbo
most prominent, highest part of each valve of the shell of a bivalve
162
heterochonch shell dentition
heterodont
163
shipworm
elongated, reddish, wormlike body, enclosed in tunnel in floating or submerged timber, two anterior triangular calcareous plates, survive in extreme T's and without O2
164
cementing bivalves
oysters, thorny oysters, kitten's paws, jingle shells
cement lower valve to hard substrate using shell material as cement, fixed permanently
lower valve often more deeply cupped
165
giant clam
surface-dwelling, harbours intracellular photosynthetic symbionts, tropical/semi-tropical
166
bent-nose clam
surface deposit feeds with incurrent siphon
167
bivalve reproduction
most free-spawn gametes (broadcast spawn)
| eggs develop into veliger larvae
168
bivalve veliger
look like tiny bivalves - have 2 shell valves
| velum w/ ciliary bands for swimming, food capture
169
freshwater mussel larvae
glochidia larvae
unique, parasitic on fish
shell valves clamp onto fish gills
170
Class Scaphopoda
'tusk shells'
marine, elongated (A-P), sell and mantle tubular and open at both ends
no ctenidia, heart, circulatory system
171
burrowing scaphopods
selective deposit feeders
| unique food-gathering tentacles = captacula
172
what causes water to flow through a scaphopod mantle cavity
cilia
| no continuous water flow - exhaled back out
173
how is hemal fluid pumped through scaphopod body
by the rhythmic action of the foot
174
Class Cephalopoda phylogeny
Nutiloidea s.g. to Coleoidea
175
what are coleoids
octopods, squids, cuttlefish
176
squid external features
fusiform body, muscular mantle, posterior dorsal fins, large image-forming eyes, olfactory crests, mouth w/ stiff jaws (beak), arms, tentacles, funnel, chromatophores
177
fusiform
having a spindle-like shape that is wide in the middle and tapers at both ends
178
squid tentacles
paired, suckers only at tips, used for capturing prey
179
squid arms
4 prs., suckers along length, used for holding and manipulating prey while beak tears off chunks, also for walking, courtship
180
modified squid arm
hectocotylized - terminal suckers reduced, basal area swollen and elongated
lower left arm in males - transfers spermatophores
181
Internal squid structures
siphon retractor muscles, cephalic retractor muscle, stellate ganglia, non-ciliated ctenidia, 2 branchial hears, systemic hearts ink sac, esophagus - stomach, digestive gland, caecum, rectum
182
squid respiration
deoxy blood from body -- collects in branchial hearts -- pumped through ctenidia for oxygenation -- leave ctenidia - enter systemic heart - pumped to tissues and organs
183
how is water pumped in squid
through mantle cavity by muscular contractions of mantle
184
squid residual shell
pen
| chitinous, non-mineralized
185
nautilus shell
external, heavily calcified shell, internal chambers, septa btw chambers perforated for siphuncle, gas filled chambers
186
siphuncle
cord of tissue that replaces fluid in chambers with gas (buoyancy)
187
Spirula shell
could, calcified, embedded w/i mantle tissue, retains internal chambers separated by septa w/ perforations for siphuncle
188
Sepia shell
cuttlefish, porous calcareous shell surf-board shaped, pores filled w/ gas by modified siphuncle = cuttlebone
189
Loligo shell
narrow, chitinous rod (pen), not mineralized, does not provide buoyancy, helps maintain conical shape of visceropallium
190
shared characters of Ecdysozoa
periodically moult a cuticle
| no motile cilia or flagella
191
Ecdysozoan cuticle
covers all ectodermally-derived epithelia
outer layer of organic material
important skeletal roles
does not expand to allow animal to increase in size
192
Ecdysozoan cuticle skeletal role
maintains shape, protects from damaging external forces, transmits force of muscle contraction
193
How Ecdysozoans grows
undergo succesive cuticle moults, each moult followed by construction of new larger cuticle
194
Ecdysozoan moulting controls
hormonally by steroids called ecdysteroids
195
Phylum Nematoda
1 of largest animal phyla, most species not yet formally described, abundant in all habitats including parasites of animals/plants, mostly less than few mm
196
Nematode ecologic importance
degradation of OM, nutrient cycling
197
Nematode movement
need dense medium to push agains, no circular muscle or ciliary-mucus gliding, long muscles contract to bend the body into sin waves; dorsal/ventral muscles antagonize each other
198
how do Nematodes prevent kinks/telescoping of the body
very highly pressurized, hydrostatic pressure
| collagenous cuticle resistant to pressure
199
Nematode coelomic condition
pseudocoel
200
Parasitic nematode reproduction
most are dioecious, eggs only fertilized if host is invaded by both m and f
201
Ascaris nematode life cycle
live in pigs/humans, pass form feces to soil, last in soil for years, 200,000 eggs/day, resistant to low T and desiccation , no intermediate host
202
Ascaris morphologic features
mouth encircled by 3 lips
m strongly curved posterior end, f straight
gut = mouth, pharynx, intestine, anus
203
nematode reproductive system
long, convoluted tubes, regionally differentiated into testis and sperm duct or ovary, oviduct, uterus
204
nematode hypodermis
syncytial epidermis
205
Hookworm
nematode that parasitizes human, anchor to intestine wall w/ sharp teeth-like thickenings of oral cuticle, make wound in intestine, feed on blood/tissue, cause anemia and death. Prevalent in areas of poor sanitation
206
hookworm cycle
eggs in feces - larvae hatch in moist soil and become infective to humans after 2 moults, if walk barefoot through contaminated soil larvae burrow in to humans foot, larvae undergo complex migration through heart - lungs- trachea- esophagus - intestine - moult stages - adult stage
207
Onychophorans
velvet worms
208
velvet worm characteristic
damp terrestrial habitat in tropic, similarities to annelids and arthropods, many predators, worm-like metamerism, pre-antennae, oral papillae, jaws, lobe-like paired appendages terminating double claws, metanephridia, tracheal tubules
209
velvet worm nervous
dorsal brain, circumesophageal connective, ganglionate ventral nerve cord
210
Phylum Arthropoda subphyla
Trilobitomorpha
Chelicerata
Mandibulata
211
chelicerate examples
horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, sea spiders
212
mandibulate examples
centipedes, millipedes, insects, copepods, barnacles, lobsters, shrimp, crabs, branchiopods
213
Phylum Arthropoda characteristics
75% of described extant species
almost 90% are insects - only invertebrate able to fly
1mm (mite) - 4m (spider crab)
exoskeleton, jointed appendages
bilateral symmetry, metamerism, tagmatization, open circulatory system, nervous system, complete digestive system, reduced eucoelom
214
what does arthropod stand for
```
arthros = joint
podos = foot
```
215
details of arthropod exoskeleton
exosk. of body proper is regionally thickened into hardened plates
exosk. of each appendage is subdivided into linear series of hollow tubes
hard parts joined together by thin flexible areas of exoskeleton
216
sections of arthropod appendage
articles /podomeres
217
benefits of arthropod exoskeleton
rigid = transmit muscle force for locomotion/manipulation of objects
protects organs, supports/maintains body shape
waxy surface helps maintain water balance
218
exoskeleton challenges
restricts body growth
| reception of environmental stimuli
219
tagmatization
grouped adjacent metameres into larger functional units, tagma, responsible for performing specialized tasks
segmentation of body in to fused sections
220
arthropod nervous system
dorsal brain in head, serially repeated ganglia along paired ventral nerve cords
221
Trilobite characteristics
oval, flattened metameric body, trunk divided in to 3 lobes, jointed antennae, paired biramous trunk appendages
222
trilobite appendages
gnathobase, exopodite, endopodite
223
Subphylum Chelicerata
```
1st append. modified feeding structures = chelicerae
2nd - pedipalps, various fn
3-7 - 4prs walking legs
all from anterior tagma - prosoma
posterior tagma = opisthosoma
no mandibles, antennae
```
224
Class Merostomata
horseshoe crab - 3 extant genera, abundant in Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, prosoma+opisthosoma, compound eye, telson (tail), chelicera, coxa, gill books, chilarium, epitome
225
horseshoe crab eating
walking legs transfer food up to mouth
gnathobases at the base of walking legs grind up food
chelicera pushes the food in to the mouth
226
telson
not a true segment
| helps horseshoe crabs 'right' themselves when flipped over
227
chelate
pincer-like
228
Class Arachnida
```
scorpions, spiders, mites, ticks
largest class of extant chelicerates, majority terrestrial
```
229
scorpion chelicerae
small claw-like structures that protrude from the mouth
| pull small amounts of food off the prey item for digestion
230
pedipalp
second paired apendage
spider-sensitive chemical detectors and function as taste and smell organs
scorpion-prey immobilization, defense and sensory
231
tick anchoring
hypostome - central mouth structure, blunt harpoon, sharp barbs, cement, penetrate skin and anchor
232
scorpion opisthosoma
stinger -- stings, ejects poison
233
spider opisthosoma
spinneret - silk-spinning organ
234
scorpion stinger likely homologous to
horseshoe crab telson
235
Class Pycnogonida
sea spiders, all marine, anterior sucking tube (proboscis) - suck body fluid from prey
prosoma metameres clearly distinct
opisthosoma reduced to insignificant looking papilla w/ anus
236
Subphylum mandibulata
myriapods (centipede, millipedes), hexapods (insects, entognaths), marine crustaceans
237
mandibulate appendages
arise from head magma
1pr antennae (sensory)
1pr mandibles (feeding)
1st pair maxillae (accessory feeding appendages)
2nd pair of maxilla (accessory feeding appendages)
-crustaceans have 2nd pair antennae
238
Superclass Myriapoda
2 body magmata - head, trunk
head has characteristics mandibulate append.
trunk - morphologically similar pos on uniramous walking legs
239
Myriapod dessication
less able to resist desiccation because cuticle does not have waxy superficial layer
240
Myriapoda orders
Chilopoda - centipedes
| Diplopoda - millipedes
241
centipedes
fast running carnivores, longer legs than millipedes, first pr trunk appendages specialized poison claws
242
millipedes
slow-moving, mostly herbivorous, bulldozed through leaf litter, trunk segments fused in duets = diplosegments
243
Mandibulata groups
Myriapoda
| Pancrustaces
244
Pancrustacea
Hexapoda, Copepoda, Branchiopoda
| Ostracod, Malacostraca, Cirripedia
245
Pancrustacea
'new group', replaces previous paraphyletic group crustacea, includes all 'crustacean' groups + hexapoda
246
Hexapoda
Insecta, Entognatha
247
Basic insect body plan seen in
crickets
248
'without wing' insects
Apterygote
| e.g. silverfish
249
Cricket body tagmata
Head, thorax, abdomen
250
Cricket head
5 fused segments, compound and simple eyes, antennae, mouth parts,
251
cricket mouth parts
upper lip, pair of hard mandibles, pair maxillae, lower lip
252
cricket upper lip
labrum
253
cricket lower lip
labium
derived from ancestral pair of 2nd maxillae fused together along midline
have sensory palps
254
'with wing' insects
pterygote (2 wing prs)
255
cricket hypopharynx
tongue-like organ in centre of mouth used for tasting, lubricating, food
256
Cricket thorax
3 segments: pro- meso- metathorax
each division has pr of walking legs
meso, metathorax each bear pr of wings
257
cricket abdomen
11 segments
2 long posterior cerci
spiraces along each side of abd.
1st segment = tympanum
terminal segments = egg laying, copulation
f/m have long ovipositor extending from abdomen
258
tympanum
organ of sound reception
259
cerci
sensory appendages
260
spiracles
breathing pores
261
Malacostraca groups
Isopoda, Amphipoda, Decapoda, Euphausiacea, Stomatopoda
262
housefly mouthparts for
sponging
263
butterfly mouthparts
sucking
264
mosquito mouthparts
piercing and sucking
265
insect adaptation to dessication
tracheal tubules with closable spiracles
| ability to convert ammonia to uric acid - excretion w/ minimal water loss
266
tracheal tubules
invaginations of epidermis, internally lined w/ cuticle w/ ring-like thickenings to prevent collapse of tubules
267
types of insect life cycles
ametabolous
hemimetabolous
holometabolous
268
young insect somewhat resembles adult and uses same kind of food
hemimetabolous
269
young insect resembles adult except for smaller size and undeveloped sex organs
ametabolous
270
hemimetabolous development
exopterypote
| somewhat resemble adults - wings are first small pads
271
exopterygote
holometabolous
| worm-like larvae, unlike adults, feed and grow by successional moults
272
grasshopper development
hemimetabolous
273
holometabolous last larval stage
followed by pupal stage - profound alteration of tissues and organs for complete metamorphosis
274
silverfish development
ametabolous development
275
flies, beetles development
holometabolous
276
Decapoda groups
Caridea, Anomura, Brachyura, Astacidea
277
Non-hexapod pancrustaceans
mostly aquatic, 2 pos antennae, usually at least some biramous/polyramous appendages
278
Branchiopoda
phyllopods, paddle-shaped exopods/endopods, exites/epipods, thin exoskeleton, maintain shape w/ pressurized hemal fluid,
279
phyllopods
distinctive leaf-like thoracic appendages
| gas exchange, feeding, locomotion (swimming)
280
branchiopod example
fairy shrimp
281
fairy shrimp
swim upside down, 11 prs phyllopods from 11 thoracic appendages, prs move in unison
282
Copepoda
largest animal biomass on earth, pelagic usually have longer 1st antennae than benthic forms, torpedo-like body, 7 segments, paired biramous appendages move in unison for rapid forward movement
283
caudal furca
forked tail of copepod 1st antennae - sensory function
284
copepod swimming
burst of movement, abrupt stop
| rapid thrusting appendages + low Re #
285
holoplanktonic
entire life in plankton
286
Cirripedia
barnacles, sessile, cement glands in 1st pr antennae, body encloses in calcareous plates, secreted by mantle
287
main contributor to secondary productivity
copepods
288
Cirripedia life stages
being as nauplius larvae - cypris larvae - attach to substrate - metamorphose, sessile juvenile/adult form
289
top of Cirripedia
opercular plates cover cirri
290
cirri
thoracic appendages, rake surrounding water for suspended food (small zoop.)
291
Cirripedia moult
exoskeleton of cirri but not calcareous plates
292
Malacostraca basic body
head, thorax (8segments), abdomen (6segments + telson)
293
decapod body
dorsal carapace extends posteriorly to cover thoracic segments
294
decapod head + thorax
cephalothorax
295
malacostracan thorax appendages
thoracopods
296
maxillipeds
malacostracan anterior thoracopods = accessory mouthparts
297
if maxillipeds present
rest of thoracopods are pereopods
298
malacostraca abdoment appendages
typically biramous
pleopods
may be specialized in to uropods
299
Isopoda
marine/terrestrial, dorso-ventrally flattened, lack carapace, non-stalked compound eyes, mostly herbivore/detritivore, terminal article is sharp, recurved hooks for hanging on to kelp/grass
300
isopod appendages
thoracopods = 1pr maxillipeds, 7pr pereopods - crawling, 5pr pleopods- gas exchange/swimming
301
Amphipoda
c-shaped body, laterally compressed, lack carapace, non-stalked compound eyes,
302
amphipod appendages
1pr maxilliped, first 2 pr pereopods have subchelate endings for grasping
abdominal appendages -3 prs pleopods, 3pr uropods
uropods heavily sclerotized, kicking, swimming, jumping, burrowing
303
amphipod examples
skeleton shrimp
| beach hoppers
304
Euphausiacea
kill, look like small decapod shrimp, lack maxillipeds, bioluminescent, important fish/whale food
305
Euphausiacea appendages
8pr similar pereiopods (thoracopods) - biramous, setose (bristly) - function as filtering basket during feeding
306
Stomatopoda
mantis shrimp, dorso-ventrally flattened, carapace over fist 1/2 of thorax, massive tail fan, unique gilled abdomen pleopods
307
stomatopod appendages
enlarged 2nd pr thoracopods for prey capture
| massive tail fan - broad, heavily sclerotized telson + pr lateral uropods -shield
308
Decapoda organisms
shrimp, crayfish, lobster, hermit crab, true crab
309
Decapoda characteristics
well-developed carapace covers entire thorax, anterior magma = cephalothorax, thoracopods give rise to gills
310
Decapod appendages
first 3pr thoracopods = maxillipeds
1st pr pereiopods may be highly enlarged and chelate = chelipeds
abdomen- 5pr biramous pleopods, 1pr uropods
311
Decapod gills
from thoracopods, within space formed by sidewalls of carapace = branchiostegites
312
Astacidea
crayfish, lobsters
| powerful elongate abdomen, tail fan = uropods+telson, body, appendages covered in thick exoskeleton
313
Astacidea tagmata
cephalothorax
| abdomen
314
Astacidea cephalothorax
head w/ antennules (1st pr antennae)
2nd pr antennae, mandibles, 2 pairs maxillae
thorax w/ 3 pos maxillipeds, 1pr chelipeds, 4prs walking legs/pereopods
315
Astacidea abdomen
5prs biramous pleopods, 1 pr uropods, telson
| uropods+telson = tail fan
316
Astacidea exoskeleton
divided into dorsal tergum, 2 lateral pleuron plates, ventral sternum
317
Astacidea appendages made up of
3 parts: protopod - basal, 2 branches - endopod (inner), exopod (outer)
318
Astacidea atennules
1pr, biramous, many joints, balancing organ/statocyst on flattened dorsal surface of basal joint
319
Astacidea antennae
1pr, long, slender, many joints, excretory openings on basal segment
320
Caridea
shrimps, primarily adapted for swimming, laterally compressed, slender legs, well developed biramous pleopods, rostrum, paired compound eyes, some holopelagic
321
Brachyura
true crab, abdomen reduced and tucked under carapace, pleopods great reduced and specialized not for swimming, loss of uropods, no tail flip response, chelipeds = raptorial feeding, 4pr walking legs
322
Brachyura 1st pr pleopods
m- sperm transfer
| fm - hold egg mass while brooding
323
Anomura
mud shrimp, hermit crab, lithodid crab, ONLY 3 PR walking legs, 4th pr reduced/tucked in gill to clean
324
hermit crab
long, curved abdomen, asymmetric coil, pleopods on one side only, uropods modified as grippers, might have enlarged right cheliped to close aperture
325
Deuterostomia phyla
Hemichordate
Echinodermata
Chordata
326
Echinodermata taxa groups
Crinoidea s.g. to
| Asteroidea s.g. to Ophiuroidea) and (Echinoidea s.g. Holothuroidea
327
Chordata taxa groups
Cephalochordata s.g. Urochordata s.g. Craniata
328
Echinodermata characteristics
'spiny' 'skin', bilateral larvae, pentamerous adult (mostly), WVS
329
WVS
water vascular system - fluid-filled tubes (canals) connect to tube feet, eucoelomic - lined internally by mesothelium, linked to external seawater by porous ossicle
330
tube feet
internal ampulla, external podium, extend from body at ambulacral zones
331
specialized ossicle in echinoderms
madreporite
endoskeletal element
not present in holothurian
332
WVS canals
stone, ring, radial, lateral (extend to tube feet)
333
Pollen vesicle
water reservoir for WVS
334
Tiedemnanns bodies
phagocytic cells clear foreign material from WVS that enters madreporite
335
Tube feet, functions
feeding
| surface area for gas exchange
336
echinoderm skeleton
internal, individual calcite pieces
337
echinoderm skeleton pieces
ossicles
small, loosely interconnected or form larger plates that fit together tightly, some species projections into spines
true endoskeleton
338
true endoskeleton
secreted by cells derived from embryonic mesoderm, completely covered by epidermis epithelium
339
mutable connective tissue
echinoderm, tensile connective tissue, change rapidly, switch fro extensible to inextensible, under control of nervous system, hormones
340
echinoderm facts
not metameric, no brain, no parasitic, all marine, habits from intertidal - great depth, all latitudes, 1cm-2m
341
pedicellariae
small wrench- or claw-shaped appendage with movable jaws, called valves; sea stars, urchins
342
Crinoidea
oldest echinoderm record, most extant are tropical/deep sea, crawl w/ claw-like cirri, 10 arms w/ pinnule side branches and podia (tube feet), large amount of body full of ossicles, little flesh
343
Asteroidea
sea stars, usually 5 arms, central disc, gonads in each arm,
344
pyloric caeca
nutrient storage
345
Asteroidea digestive
short esophagus - saccular cardiac stomach -- pyloric stomach -- pyloric caeca (in each arm)
short intestine connected to pyloric stomach and anus
346
Asteroidea canals
stone canal joins madreporite to ring canal, radial canal extends into each arm, lateral canals lead from radial to ampullae of tube feet
347
Asteroidea tube feet
cylindrical tube (podium) w/ suction disc at external end, rounded ampulla at internal end, ampulla contraction = podia extension, podia muscles allow directional movement, contraction of all podium muscle = water back into ampulla
348
Steroid tube feet functions
walking, gas exchange, prey capture, release ammonia
349
Ophiuroidea
5 arms, central disk, more mobile, rowing motions of arms for movement not podia, podia for suspension feeding
350
Echinoidea
regular - sea urchin, irregular - heart urchin, sea biscuit, sand dollar. rigid test covered w/ tubercles that articulate w/ base of spine and stalk of pedicellaria
351
Echinoidea ossicles
interlocking plate-like ossicles in rows from aboral apex - mouth, plates in alternating double columns of ambulacra and interambulacra
352
ambulacral plates
have pairs of pores, tube foot extends from each pair of pores
353
Aristotles lantern
40 ossicles, interconnected by 60muscles, moves 5 teeth during feeding, teeth protrude from peristomial membrane surrounding mouth and scrape algal fails /bite chunks
354
Holothuroidea
elongate along oral-aboral axis, microscopic skeletal ossicles embedded in dermis, mouth surrounded by buccal podia tentacles - enlarged branched podia of WVS, sedentary suspension/deposit feeders
355
Holothuroidea reproductive system
single gonad- ovary or testis, suspended form dorsal mesentery, large # narrow tubules in 2 mop-like bunches
356
Holothuroidea gas exchange
2 respiratory trees, main trunk extend from cloaca, branch repeatedly w/i coelom, seawater sucked in to cloaca by contracting cloacal suspensor muscle
357
Holothuroidea diestive
mouth -- pharynx -- short esophagus - all in aqua pharyngeal bulb
5 pharyngeal retractor muscle bundles from aqua pharyngeal bulb to body wall midway down length of body
esophagus - muscular stomach - long narrow intestine - short wide cloaca
358
Holothuroidea WVS
ring canal large, encircles esophagus gives rise to: 2+ elongated pollen vesicles, mid dorsal stone canals lead to madreporites, 5 radial canals -- ampullae of tube feet
359
Holothuroidea body wall
beneath epidermis thick layer connective tissue dermis w/ collagen, ecm, mesenchyme. ossicles embedded in dermis. long. muscles in 4 strongly developed bands within ambulacral zones, 5 pharyngeal retractor muscles connect to long. body wall muscles
360
Echinoderm gas exchange
thin-walled podia, papulae
361
papulae
small, thin-walled sacs over aboral surface
| outer layer = epidermal epithelium, inner = mesothelium
362
sand dollar flower pattern
petaloid podia
holes for brand podia that function exclusively for gas exchange
dark brown, broad flaps lined-up side by side
363
10 small slits in central disc of ophiuroid
entrance to bursae - thin-walled, internal pouches that water circulates through for gas exchange
364
Phylum Chordata
vertebrates +invertebrates, urochordates s.g. to craniates
365
Chordata main characteristics
notochord
dorsal hollow nerve cord
pharyngeal perforations
post-anal tail
366
Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates/ascidians/sea squirts (all the same)- sessile adults, solitary or colonial
Larvaceans, thaliaceans (sales)
notochord, nerve cord only in larval stage
body covered w/ tunic (protein+tunicin polysaccharide), all marine, no parasites
367
Class Ascidiacea
most urochordates, almost entirely suspension feeders, U shaped gut, endostyle, cerebral ganglion, tubular heart that reverses pumping direction, tadpole larvae w/ muscular tail
368
Ascidian feeding
draw water into buccal siphon- particles extracted by branchial basket (perforated pharynx) - water exits though atrial siphon
369
Ascidian feeding exception
deep ocean species, gaping 2-lobed buccal siphon that snaps shut on passing zoop.
370
Ascidian larval metamorphosis
larvae only 1day, no feeding - settles - secretions from adhesive papillae - metamorphosis - retract tail - loss of 3/4 chordate characters
