Biological Ap.

Question 1

What is an allele?

Answer 1

Gene alleles are different versions of a particular gene.

Question 2

Why do some people vary on the same physical trait?

Answer 2

When a gene has different possible alleles, the trait has genetic variation

Question 3

DNA is made up of two or more ____

Answer 3

Nucleotides

Question 4

Chromosomes are made up of _____ long strands of _____

Answer 4

Chromosomes are made up of two long strands of DNA

Question 5

Do cells in our body all have ____ genes?

Answer 5

the same

Question 6

When different people have different alleles for the same gene, we say that there is ______.

Answer 6

genetic variation

Question 7

How many chromosomes do the cells in our body have?

Answer 7

The cells in our body have 46 chromosomes

Question 8

Chromosomes have ___ pairs of chromosomes.

Answer 8

23

Question 9

What are the 2 types of sex cell?

Answer 9

The 2 types of sex cells are:
• sperm cells
• egg cells

Question 10

Rather than having 46 chromosomes, sex cells have?

Answer 10

Sex cells have 23 chromosomes, 1 chromosome from each pair so they can combine with the other sex cell

Question 11

What is genetic inheritance?

Answer 11

Genetic inheritance is when genes are passed on from parent to child

Question 12

chromosomes are made up of _____, which itself is made up of a chain of ______

Answer 12

chromosomes are made up of DNA, which itself is made up of a chain of nucleotides

Question 13

What are the sequences of DNA that control production of one specific protein?

Answer 13

the sequences of DNA that control production of one specific protein are called genes

Question 14

Different versions of genes, that have small variations in exact sequence of nucleotides, are called…

Answer 14

Different versions of genes, that have small variations in exact sequence of nucleotides, are called Alleles

Question 15

Phenotype determined by…

Answer 15

Phenotype is determined by both genotype and environmental factors

Question 16

Monozygotic twins

Answer 16

Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genotype and are called identical twins

Question 17

Dizygotic twins

Answer 17

Dizygotic twins share around 50% of their genotype and are called non-identical twins.

Question 18

What is concordance?

Answer 18

Concordance is when twins share the same phenotype

Question 19

The concordance rate is…

Answer 19

The percentage of twins who share a characteristic, given that at least one twin has the characteristic

Question 20

What do researchers assume for twin studies?

Answer 20

Researchers assume that monozygotic and dizygotic twins have a similar amount of shared environment, and that monozygotic twins are more genetically similar than dizygotic twins (as they are not always)

Question 21

If the concordance rate for monozygotic twins isn’t 100%, we can conclude that…

Answer 21

If the concordance rate for monozygotic twins isn’t 100%, we can conclude that it isn’t just genetics that play a part in having the trait, environment also has a role.

Question 22

One limitation of twin studies is?

Answer 22

Monozygotic twins might share more of their environment than dizygotic twins because they tend to be treated more similarly.

This means that the bigger concordance rate in monozygotic twins might be due to a more similar environment rather than just by genetics.

Question 23

What is Evolution?

Answer 23

When a species gradually changes, over many generations.

Question 24

Evolution involves DNA mutation which are…

Answer 24

Small changes to alleles which can happen during reproduction.

Question 25

If a new allele makes an organism more likely to survive, then the organism...

Answer 25

...the organism is more likely to pass on that allele to future generations.

Question 26

What is natural selection?

Answer 26

Natural selection is when traits which increase the chance for survival are passed onto future generations

Question 27

Behaviours acquired through natural selection, will be behaviours that..

Answer 27

Behaviours acquired through natural selection will be behaviours that increase the chance of survival and reproduction.

Question 28

genetics affect behaviour by…

Answer 28

Influencing the brain which changes our behaviour.

Question 29

According to the biological approach to psychology, natural selection shapes our behaviour because…

Answer 29

It causes us to have certain genes that control processes in the brain and then Processes in the brain cause our behaviour.

Question 30

cognitive neuroscience is…

Answer 30

cognitive neuroscience is the study of which parts of the brain are involved in different mental processes.

Question 31

Biological Approach in a sentence

Answer 31

The biological approach believes us to be as a consequence of our genetics and physiology. It examines thoughts, feelings, and behaviours from a biological and thus physical point of view. It says all thoughts, feeling & behaviour ultimately have a biological cause.

Question 32

What is the key assumption of the biological approach?

Answer 32

The key assumption of the biological approach is that we can explain behaviour mainly in terms of biological factors.

Question 33

Why is the biological approach scientific?

Answer 33

The biological approach is very scientific, because: • it is based on empirical, objective data • controlled environment, tests cause and effect) • standardised procedures, easily replicated

Question 34

How is the biological approach used to help people?

Answer 34

Can be applied to help people who suffer from genetically inherited conditions (drugs can be developed, but we must first understand the role of genetics in mental disorders)

Question 35

How is the biological approach reductionist?

Answer 35

The biological approach looks for biological causes of behaviour, it explains behaviour in terms of genetics and processes in the brain. This ignores other explanations of behaviour such as social and cultural causes.

Question 36

What are 2 strengths of the biological approach?

Answer 36

it is highly scientific it has useful applications to understanding and treatment of disorders

Question 37

Which factors do the biological approach say behaviour is determined by?

Answer 37

Natural selection The brain Inherited genes

Question 38

consequences of biological determinism..

Answer 38

implies that people can’t change or improve. could lead to people being discriminated against because of their biology. says we have no control over who we are means we have no ability to change our own behaviour because our behaviour is predetermined by our genes

Question 39

Why is free will a strength in the humanistic approach?

Answer 39

The concept of free will matches our subjective experience of life. Moreover, assuming free will allows us to improve and achieve self-actualisation, which is a key focus of the humanistic approach.