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Biological Approach Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

Aim of Antonova (2011)

A

To investigate whether blocking acetylcholine receptors in the brain with scopolamine affects spatial memory encoding in humans.

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2
Q

Participant makeup of Antonova (2011)

A

20 healthy male adults, mean age 28.

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3
Q

Time before the task for scopolamine injection in Antonova (2011)

A

70-90 minutes.

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4
Q

Number of trials completed by participants in Antonova (2011)

A

6

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5
Q

Chemical used to block Acetylcholine in Antonova (2011)

A

Scopolamine.

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6
Q

Conclusion of Antonova (2011)

A

Neurotransmitters like ACh influence cognitive behavior.

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7
Q

Aim of Rogers and Kesner (2003)

A

To determine the role of Acetylcholine in the formation of spatial memory in rats.

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8
Q

Participant makeup of Rogers and Kesner (2003)

A

30 rats.

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9
Q

Method of injection in Rogers and Kesner (2003)

A

Injected with scopolamine or a placebo directly to their hippocampus.

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10
Q

How encoding was measured in Rogers and Kesner (2003)

A

Recording the errors made on the first vs. last 5 trials on Day 1.

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11
Q

How retrieval was measured in Rogers and Kesner (2003)

A

Recording the errors made on the first five trials of Day 2 compared to the last five on Day 1.

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12
Q

Results of Rogers and Kesner (2003)

A

Rats injected with scopolamine made more errors and took longer to learn the maze on Day 1.

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13
Q

Conclusion of Rogers and Kesner (2003)

A

Acetylcholine plays an important role in the encoding of spatial memories, but may not be as important for memory retrieval.

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14
Q

Aim of Cahill and McGaugh (1995)

A

To investigate the role of adrenaline and the amygdala in the formation of emotional memories.

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15
Q

Aspect of the biological approach supported by Cahill and McGaugh (1995)

A

Hormones.

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16
Q

Number of groups participants were divided into in Cahill and McGaugh (1995)

A

2

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17
Q

Number of slides viewed by participants in Cahill and McGaugh (1995)

A

12

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18
Q

Experimental group condition in Cahill and McGaugh (1995)

A

Watching an emotionally arousing story of a car accident with a graphic image of a boy in surgery.

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19
Q

Time before memory test in Cahill and McGaugh (1995)

A

2 weeks.

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20
Q

Follow-up study for Cahill and McGaugh (1995)

A

Participants in the experimental group were injected with propranolol to block adrenaline and amygdala activation.

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21
Q

Results of Cahill and McGaugh (1995)

A

Participants in the emotional, experimental group remembered more details.

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22
Q

Conclusion of Cahill and McGaugh (1995)

A

Adrenaline and the activation of the amygdala play a key role in the creation of emotionally charged memories.

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23
Q

Aim of Newcomer et al (1999)

A

To investigate whether high levels of the stress hormone cortisol interfere with verbal declarative memory.

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24
Q

Participant makeup of Newcomer et al (1999)

A

Local subjects employees or students, aged 18-30.

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25
Cortisol dosage for high cortisol group in Newcomer et al (1999)
160 mg cortisol/day.
26
Cortisol dosage for low cortisol group in Newcomer et al (1999)
40 mg cortisol/day.
27
Activity participants engaged in during Newcomer et al (1999)
Listening to, recalling, and then reciting a prose paragraph.
28
Testing duration in Newcomer et al (1999)
Tested after 1 day, 2 days, and 3 days (to check for long term effects).
29
Newcomer et al (1999) conclusion?
High cortisol group showed worst memory on verbal declarative tasks.
30
Newcomer et al (1999) - Low cortisol and placebo groups showed...
no significant difference.
31
Conclusion of Newcomer et al (1999)
High cortisol levels (linked to stress) impair verbal declarative memory.
32
Bailey and Pillard (1990) - Supports what subtoipic?
Supports the subtopic of genetics in the biological approach.
33
Aim of Bailey and Pillard (1990)
To investigate the role of genetics in the development of sexual orientation, particularly whether homosexuality is more common in genetically related individuals.
34
Participant makeup of Bailey and Pillard (1990)
56 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) twins, 54 pairs of dizygotic (DZ) twins, 48 non-related adoptive brothers.
35
Bailey and Pillard (1990) - Monozygotic twins
52% of monozygotic twins were both self-identified as homosexual.
36
Bailey and Pillard (1990) - Dizygotic twins
22% of dizygotic twins were both self-identified as homosexual.
37
Bailey and Pillard (1990) - Non-related adoptive brothers
11% of non-related adoptive brothers were both self-identified as homosexual.
38
Bailey and Pillard conclusion
Genetic factors may play a role in sexual orientation, as the more genetically similar individuals (monozygotic twins) showed higher concordance in sexual orientation.
39
Aim of Kendler et al (2006)
To investigate the heritability of major depression, gender differences in its heritability, and whether genetic and environmental factors in major depression differ over time.
40
Kendler et al (2006) - Sample makeup
Sample was made up of 15493 complete twin pairs from the Swedish Twin Registry, all of whom had verified zygosity.
41
Kendler et al (2006) - Data gathering was done by
Trained interviewers who conducted telephone interviews between March 1998 and January 2003.
42
Kendler et al (2006) - Female-Female MZ and DZ concordance rates
Female-Female, MZ: 44%, Female-Female, DZ: 16%.
43
Kendler et al (2006) - Male-Male concordance rate
Male-Male, MZ: 31%, Male-Male, DZ: 11%.
44
Conclusion of Kendler et al (2006)
The heritability of major depression is higher in women than in men, suggesting that some genetic risk factors may be sex-specific.
45
Aim of Maguire et al (2000)
To investigate whether the brains of London taxi drivers would be different from non-taxi drivers due to their extensive spatial navigation of the London streets.
46
Maguire et al (2000) - Participant makeup
16 right-handed male London taxi drivers with a minimum of 1.5 years driving and had passed the 'Knowledge test'. The control group was made of 50 right-handed males who were not taxi drivers.
47
Maguire et al (2000) - Techniques used in research
Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to measure grey matter density.
48
Maguire et al (2000) - Techniques used in research... (hint: pixel).
Pixel Counting to compare hippocampus volume between groups.
49
Maguire et al (2000) - Posterior hippocampus
The posterior hippocampus of the taxi-drivers was significantly larger when compared to the controls.
50
Maguire et al (2000) - Anterior hippocampus
The anterior hippocampus of the taxi-drivers was smaller when compared to the controls.
51
Maguire et al (2000) - Correlation
Positive correlation between the number of years spent driving a taxi and the volume of the right posterior hippocampus.
52
Maguire et al (2000) - Conclusion
The findings demonstrate neuroplasticity, as the brain appears to change in response to environmental demands such as navigation experience.
53
Aim of Draganski et al. (2004)
To investigate whether learning a new motor skill such as juggling would lead to structural changes in the brain, specifically brain matter density.
54
Draganski et al (2004) - Participant makeup
Participants were 24 volunteers, 21 female and 3 male; all non-jugglers at baseline.
55
Juggling Group
Learned a juggling routine
56
Control Group
Just had scans taken for reference
57
Draganski et al (2004) research techniques
Used an MRI scan to measure change in brain structure over time.
58
Scan 1taken in Draganski was used as a...
Baseline scan
59
Scan 2 for Draganski was completed after...
After mastering juggling
60
Scan 3 in Draganski was taken after...
After stopping the juggling routine for 3 months.
61
Voxel based morphology is used to... (Draganski)
Used to compare grey matter density.
62
Jugglers had ### ### ### in their ###-### areas, associated with visual memory. | ###= means fill in the blank
Increased grey matter, mid-temporal
63
After stopping their practice, jugglers decreased but still had more brain matter than the baseline. True or False?
True
64
Conclusion of Draganski et al. (2004)
The study supports the idea of neuroplasticity: the brain adapts and changes structure based on new experiences and learning.
65
Aim of Ronay and von Hippel (2010)
To investigate whether young men take greater physical risks in the presence of an attractive female and whether testosterone levels play a role in this behavior.
66
Participant makeup of Ronay and von Hippel (2010)
96 young adult male skateboarders, who were recruited from skate parks.
67
in Ronay and von Hippel, participants assigned to two conditions...
Perform tricks in front of a male researcher or an attractive female researcher.
68
Number of attempts to perform tricks Ronay and von Hippel
The skateboarders were given 10 trials.
69
Criteria for hard tricks
Researchers categorized tricks as being hard if they were successful ~50% of the time.
70
Data recorded by researchers
Successful tricks, crash landings, and aborted attempts.
71
Biological features focused on in Ronay and von Hippel.
Saliva to measure testosterone and heart rate monitoring.
72
Participants took ### risks when performing in front of a ### researcher. (Ronay and von Hippel)
greater, female
73
Heart rate and testosterone levels observation for Ronay and von Hippel.
Testosterone levels were higher in participants who performed in front of the female researcher; no significant difference was found in heart rate between the two groups.
74
Conclusion of Ronay and von Hippel (2010)
Young men are more willing to take physical risks in the presence of an attractive female, likely as a result of evolutionary pressures related to intrasexual selection.
75
Aim of Wedekind (1995)
To investigate whether the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes influence mate choice based on body odor.
76
Participant makeup of Wedekind (1995)
49 female and 44 male university students.
77
Procedure for male participants in Wedekind (1995)
Male participants wore a T-shirt for 2 days without using scented products or doing anything that might change the scent of their body odor.
78
Odor-sensitive period for testing
Tested during their menstrual phase.
79
Number of shirts rated by women in Wedekind (1995)
Women smelled and rated 7 shirts from MHC similar and dissimilar men and a control with no scent.
80
Preference of women in Wedekind (1995)
Women rated the scent of the T-shirts from men with different MHC genes as more pleasant and sexy.
81
Effect of oral contraceptives in Wedekind (1995)
Women taking oral contraceptives preferred the scent of men with different MHC genes.
82
Aim of Zhou et al (2014)
To investigate the effects of the steroids androstadienone (AND) and estratetraenol (EST) on gender perception.
83
Participant makeup of Zhou et al (2014)
Heterosexual and homosexual men and women.
84
Procedure for Zhou et al (2014)
Participants smelled AND, EST, or a control scent while watching stick figures moving on a screen, and identified the sex of the figure.
85
Perception of figures by heterosexual women and gay men in Zhou et al (2014)
Heterosexual women and gay men exposed to AND were more likely to perceive the figure as masculine.
86
Perception of figures by heterosexual men in Zhou et al (2014)
Heterosexual men exposed to EST were more likely to perceive the figure as feminine.
87
Conclusion of Zhou et al (2014)
Pheromones (AND and EST) may influence perceptions related to sexual attraction.
88
Reliability of Zhou et al (2014)
Zhou et al (2014) is not fully reliable because Hare et al was unable to replicate it.

IB Psychology (3 decks)

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