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Biological Beginnings Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Adaptive behavior

A

Promotes an organism’s survival in its natural habitat

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2
Q

Natural selection

A

Evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce

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3
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior

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4
Q

Chromosomes

A

Threadlike structures made up of DNA

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5
Q

DNA

A

Complex double helix molecule that contains genetic info

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6
Q

Genes

A

Units of hereditary info (ie: short segments of DNA)

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7
Q

True or False: evolution gave us biological potentialities , but does not dictate behavior according to evolutionary psychology

A

True

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8
Q

What is the best approach for testing ideas coming out of evolutionary psychology?

A

Studying specific gees in humans and other species and their links to traits and behaviors

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9
Q

Human genome

A

Complete set of developmental instructions for creating proteins that initiate the making of a human organism

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10
Q

Gene expression is affected by what?

A

The environment (ie: stress, radiation, and temperature)

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11
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

A

Mitosis = reproduction of cells

Meiosis = cell division that forms sperm and eggs (gametes)

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12
Q

Zygote

A

Single cell formed through fertilization

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13
Q

Important sources of variability in biological development

A
  1. Chromosomes in the zygote are not exact copies of those in the mother’s ovaries and father’s testes
  2. Mutated genes (ie: permanently altered segment of DNA)
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14
Q

Genotype vs. Phenotype

A

Genotype = person’s genetic material

Phenotype = observational characteristics (including physical and psychological)

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15
Q

Dominant and recessive genes principle

A

One gene pair always exerts its effects (dominant) thus overriding the potential influence of the other gene (recessive)

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16
Q

What is X-linked inheritance and who does it effect most?

A
  1. Mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome

2. Males

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17
Q

Down syndrome

A

Chromosomally transmitted form of intellectual disability, caused by presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21

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18
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

Sex linked chromosomal abnormality that causes males to have an extra X chromosome (XXY)

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19
Q

Fragile X syndrome

A

Sex linked chromosome abnormality where there is an abnormality in the X chromosome which becomes constricted and often breaks

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20
Q

Turner syndrome

A

Sex linked chromosomal abnormality where females have an X chromosome missing (XO)

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21
Q

XXY syndrome

A

Sex linked chromosomal abnormality where males have an extra Y chromosome

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22
Q

What are gene linked abnormalities and give examples

A

Abnormalities caused by defective genes (ie: PKU, SCA, CF)

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23
Q

Behavior genetics

A

Field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development

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24
Q

Twin study

Study These Flashcards
A

Behavioral similarity of identical and fraternal twins compared

25
Adoption study
Seek to discover whether, in behavior, and psychological characteristics, adopted children are: 1. More like their adoptive parents, who provided a home environment 2. More like their biological parents, who contributed to their heredity
26
What are the 3 types of heredity-environment correlations?
1. Passage genotype-environmental correlations 2. Evocative genotype-environmental correlations 3. Active (niche picking) genotype environment correlations
27
Passive genotype environment correlations
Occurs b/c biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child (ie: parent likes to read so give child books and child becomes good at reading too)
28
Evocative genotype environment correlations
Occurs b/c child’s characteristics elicit certain types of environments (ie: if a child smiles a lot more likely to be surrounded by people than one who cries regularly)
29
Active (niche picking) genotype environment correlations
Occur when children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating (child likes music so they find an environment where they can hone their skill and prosper)
30
Epigenetic view
Development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange b/w heredity and environment
31
Gene X environment (G X E) interaction
Interactions of: 1. Specific measured variation in DNA 2. Specific measured aspects of environment
32
True or False: We are the outcome of our heredity and the environment we experience but we can also author a unique developmental path by changing our environment.
True
33
3 stages of prenatal development
1. Germinal period 2. Embryonic period 3. Fetal period
34
What takes place during germinal period of prenatal development and when does it take place?
1. Includes: creation of zygote, cell division, and attachment of the multicellular organism to the uterine wall 2. First 2 weeks after conception
35
When does the embryonic period occur and what occurs during it?
1. 2 to 8 weeks after conception | 2. Rate of cell differentiation intensifies (organs begin to develop)
36
Organogenesis
Process of organ formation during the first 2 months of prenatal development
37
When does the fetal period of prenatal development occur and what occurs during it ?
1. From 2 months after conception until birth (about 7 months total) 2. Growth and development continue their drastic course during this time
38
What are the 6 different types of prenatal diagnostic tests that can be done to determine if fetus is developing normally?
1. US 2. CVS 3. Amniocentesis 4. Maternal blood screen 5. Fetal MRI 6. Fetal sex determination (cell free DNA analysis)
39
Teratogen
Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes (ie: infectious diseases, drugs, incompatible blood type, nutritional deficiencies, maternal stress, advance age of parents, environmental pollutants)
40
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum d/o
Cluster of abnormalities and problems that appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy (ie: facial deformities, defective limbs and heart, learning problems, and/or intellectual disability)
41
Prenatal care includes?
1. Defined scheduled visits for medical care to screen for manageable conditions and treatable disease that can affect baby/mom 2. Comprehensive educational, social, and nutritional services
42
What does 1st stage of birth process include and how long does it last?
1. Uterine contractions dilate cervix and contractions become more intensified 2. Longest stage (for 1st time mom anywhere from 6 to 12 hours)
43
What occurs is the 2nd stage of the birth process and for how long?
1. Baby’s head starts t move through north canal from maternal pushing efforts 2. Ends when baby is completely out of the mother’s body (45 mins to 1 hour)
44
What occurs during stage 3 of the birth process and how long does it take?
1. Placenta detaches and is expelled | 2. Last only mins
45
Methods of childbirth
1. Medicated (epidural and/or Pitocin used) 2. Natural childbirth (no drugs used) 3. Prepared childbirth (aka Lamaze method) 4. C-section
46
Who may be present during childbirth?
1. Midwife (helps during and afterbirth) 2. Doula (helps prior, during and after birth) 3. MD (helps during birth)
47
What is the apgar score used for?
Assesses health of newborn at 1 and 5 mins after birth by rating infant’s HR, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability
48
Small for dates (aka small for gestational age)
When infant is below normal birth weight despite length of pregnancy considered
49
Preterm
When infant is born 3 weeks or more before the pregnancy reaches full term
50
``` Low birth weight vs. very low birth weight vs. extremely low birth weight ```
Low = <5 lbs Very low = <3 lbs Extremely low = <2 lbs
51
Consequences of low birth weight and preterm
1. Learning disabilities 2. ADHD 3. Autism 4. Breathing problems
52
Interventions of low weight and preterm babies in NICU
1. Kangaroo care (skin to skin contact w/ baby held against parent’s bare chest) 2. Massage
53
Bonding
Formation of a connection; especially physical, b/w parents and the newborn in the period shortly after birth
54
Bonding hypothesis
Proposes “critical period” short after birth to form an emotional attachment and foundation for optimal development
55
What occurs during postpartum period and when does it occur?
1. Mother’s body completes adjustment (both psych and physically) and returns to a nearly pre-pregnant state 2. After childbirth til about 6 weeks
56
Physical adjustments seen in postpartum period
1. Fatigue 2. Loss of sleep 4. Sudden and dramatic change in hormone production 5. Involution (uterus returns t pre-pregnant size)
57
Emotional adjustments that can occur during postpartum period? Which is more common? Which likely needs treatment?
1. Postpartum blues and/or postpartum depression 2. Postpartum blues 3. Postpartum depression
58
Postpartum blues vs. depression
Blues = intermittent feels of anxiety, depression, and upset usually subsiding after 1-2 weeks Depression = strong feelings of sadness, anxiety, despair, and trouble coping w/ daily tasks (sxs tend to linger for weeks or months)

Developmental Psychology (4 decks)

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