Socioemotional Development In Infancy

Question 1

Emotion

Answer 1

A feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him/her especially to his/her well-being

Question 2

Positive emotions

Answer 2

Happiness, joy, love, and enthusiasm

Question 3

Negative emotions

Answer 3

Anxiety, anger, guilt, and sadness

Question 4

Emotions are influenced by

Answer 4

1. Biological foundation
2. Cognitive processes
3. A person’s experiences

Question 5

Display rules

Answer 5

Rule governing when, where, and how emotions should be expressed

Question 6

Early emotions include? When do they occur?

Answer 6

1. Surprise
2. Interest
3. Joy
4. Anger
5. Sadness
6. Fear
7. Disgust

*start at w/in 1st 6 months of life

Question 7

self-conscious emotions are? when are they present?

Answer 7

1. Jealousy
2. Empathy
3. Embarrassment
4. Pride
5. Shame
6. Guilt

• this start to appear around 6 months to during 2 years of age

Question 8

Kagan and most developmental psychologists believe what about self-conscious emotions and when infants develop them?

Answer 8

Unlikely infants can experience self-conscious emotions that require thought in 1st year of life due to structural immaturity of brain

Question 9

3 types of cries infants have

Answer 9

1. Basic
2. Anger
3. Pain

Question 10

Basic cry

Answer 10

Rhythmic pattern consisting of a cry then brief silence the shorter whistle then main cry then brief rest then next cry

Question 11

Anger

Answer 11

Variation of basic cry w/ more excess air forced through vocal chords

Question 12

Pain cry

Answer 12

Sudden long initial loud cry followed by holding of breath

Question 13

2 distinguished types of smiling

Answer 13

1. Reflexive

2. Social

Question 14

Reflexive smile

Answer 14

Doesn’t occur in response to external stimuli and appears during 1st month after birth usually during sleep

Question 15

Social smile

Answer 15

Occurs in response to an external stimulus usually a face w/ young infants

Question 16

Stranger anxiety

Answer 16

Infant shows fear and wariness of strangers

Question 17

Separation protest

Answer 17

Crying when the caregiver leaves

Question 18

Social referencing

Answer 18

Reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation

Question 19

Temperament

Answer 19

Individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding

Question 20

What are Chess and Thomas’s 3 basic types of classifications for temperament

Answer 20

1. Easy child
2. Difficult child
3. Slow to warm up child

Question 21

Easy child

Answer 21

Child is generally in a positive mood, quickly established regular routines in infancy and adapts easily to new experiences

Question 22

Difficult child

Answer 22

Child reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change

Question 23

Slow to warm up child

Answer 23

Child has low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays low intensity of mood

Question 24

Effortful control (ie: self-regulation) is an important dimension of temperament per Rothbart and Bates b/c?

Answer 24

Allows infants to keep their emotional arousal from getting too intense and provides strategies for soothing themselves

Question 25

3 important self regulatory dimensions of temperament include

Answer 25

1. Adaptability 2. Soothability 3. Persistence

Question 26

Goodness of Fit

Answer 26

Match b/w child’s temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with

Question 27

What are the key aspects of personality?

Answer 27

1. Emotions | 2. Temperament

Question 28

What characteristics are central to personality development during infancy

Answer 28

1. Trust 2. Development of sense of self 3. Progress toward independence

Question 29

Attachment

Answer 29

Close emotional bond b/w 2 people

Question 30

Strange situation? Who is associated w/ this?

Answer 30

Observational measure of infant attachment in which infant experiences a series of introductions, separations, and reunions w/ the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order *Aisworth did research with this

Question 31

Aisworth’s strange situation describes baby attachment in 4 categories

Answer 31

1. Securely attached babies 2. Insecure avoidant babies 3. Insecure resistant babies 4. Insecure disorganized babies

Question 32

Securely attached babies

Answer 32

Use caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment (ie: when caregiver present will explore room but when isn’t protests mildly)

Question 33

Insecure avoidant babies

Answer 33

Show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver (ie: doesn’t care whether caregiver is there or not)

Question 34

Insecure resistant babies

Answer 34

1. Cling to caregiver and then resist by fighting against the closeness 2. Tend not to explore playroom 3. Will cry loudly when caregiver leaves and then push them away if try to provide comfort upon return

Question 35

Insecure disorganized babies

Answer 35

1. Disorganized and disoriented 2. Appear dazed, confused and fearful 3. Show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors (ie: extreme fearfulness around caregiver)

Question 36

Development cascade model

Answer 36

Involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes

Question 37

Reciprocal socialization

Answer 37

Bidirectional interactions b.w parent and child (ie: children socialize w/ parents just as much as parents socialize with children)

Question 38

Scaffolding

Answer 38

Parents time interactions in a way that infant experiences turn taking w/ parents

Question 39

3 Factors that influence effects of child care

Answer 39

1. Age of child 2. Type of child care 3. Quality of program

Question 40

High quality child care involves

Answer 40

1. Providing safe environment 2. Access to age appropriate toys 3. Participation in age appropriate activities 4. Low caregiver to child ratio allowing caregivers to spend considerable time w/ child on individual basis