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biological classification Flashcards

1
Q

who was the earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for classification,, how did he classify various organisms

A

aristotle
he used simple morphological characters to classify plants into trees, shrubs and herbs
he divided animals into two groups, those who had red blood and those who did not

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2
Q

in whose time was a two kingdom system of classification was relevant

A

linnaeus

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3
Q

five kingdom classification was proposed by,, name the included kingdoms

A

R.H whittaker
monera
protista
fungi
plantae
animalia

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4
Q

the main criteria for classification under 5 kingdom system was

A

cell structure
thallus organisation
mode of nutrition
reproduction
phylogenetic relationships

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5
Q

moneral cell wall

A

non-cellulosic
made up of polysaccharide and amino acids

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6
Q

do all protists have a cell wall

A

present in some, not all of them

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7
Q

fungal cell wall

A

present
w/o cellulose

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8
Q

body organisation of the kingdoms present in 5 kingdom system

A

monera- cellular
protista - cellular
fungi - multicellular (loose tissue)
plantae - multicellular (tissue/organ)
animal - multicellular (tissue/organ/organ system)

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9
Q

monera mode of nutrition

A

autotrophic (chemo and photo)
heterotrophic (saphro and parasitic)

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10
Q

protista mode of nutrition

A

autotrophic (photo)
heterotrophic

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11
Q

fungi mode of nutrition

A

hetero (saphro and parasitic)

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12
Q

animal mode of nutrition

A

hetero (holozoic and saphro etc)

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13
Q

phylogenetic means

A

based on evolutionary relationships

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14
Q

sole members of kingdom monera

A

bacteria

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15
Q

most abundant micro-organisms

A

bacteria

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16
Q

an endospore can generally be seen in which of the bacterial shape

A

bacilli

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17
Q

which bacteria shape generally has flagellum

A

spirilla

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18
Q

most extensive metabolic activity can be expected to be shown by which group pf micro-organims

A

bacteria

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19
Q

the bacterial structure is very simple, they are also very simple in behavorial terms, true or false

A

false,, despite having a simple structure they are very complex in behaviour

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20
Q

vast majority of bacteria have what kind of mode of nutrition

A

heterotrophic

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21
Q

kingdom monera can be further divided into

A

archaebacteri
eubacteria

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22
Q

archaebacteria live in

A

they live in some of the harshest environments
like methanogens (marshy areas)
halophiles (salty areas)
thermoacidophiles (hot springs)

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23
Q

archaebacteria differ from other bacteria as

A

different cell wall structure that helps them to survive in the extreme conditions they live in

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24
Q

methanogens

A

can be found in the gut of several ruminants
responsible for producing methane gas (biogas) from the dung of these animals

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25
Q

eubacteria examples

A

cyanobacteria/ BGA
and mycoplasma

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26
Q

cyanobacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen

A

nostoc and anabaena

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27
Q

eubacteria are characterised by

A

a rigid cell wall and a flagellum if motile

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28
Q

cyanobacteria mode of nutrition

A

photosynthetic autotrophs

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29
Q

cyanobacteria has which chlorophyll

A

A

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30
Q

cyanobacteria are
a) unicellular/ colonial/ filamentous?
b) fresh water/ marine/ terrestial?

A

all are correct
they’re all of the options

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31
Q

cyanobacteria colonies are generally surrounded by

A

gelationous sheath

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32
Q

which moneral organism often form bloom in polluted water bodies

A

cyanobacteria (eubacteria)

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33
Q

some of _ bacteria can fix atomospheric nitrogen in specialized cells called _ , for example _ and _

A

cyanobacteria
heterocysts
nostoc
anabaena

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34
Q

chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria play a great role in recycling nutrients like

A

nitrogen
phosphorus
iron
sulphur

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35
Q

majority of heterotrophic bacteria are important _

A

decomposers

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36
Q

heterotrophic bacteria help in human affairs like

A

making curd from millk
prodn of antibiotics
fixing nitrogen in legume roots

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37
Q

citrus canker disese is caused by

A

bacteria

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38
Q

bacteria mainly reproduce by _
in unfavourable conditions they reproduce by _

A

fission
spores

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39
Q

many mycoplasma are pathogenic in plants and animals, true or false

A

true

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39
Q

cyanobacteria is a terrestial _

A

algae

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40
Q

boundary of which kingdom is not very well defined

A

protista

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41
Q

protista can be further divided into

A

chrysophytes
dinoflagelletes
euglenoids
slime moulds
protozoans

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42
Q

protists reproduce _ and _ by a process invlolving _ and _

A

asexually
sexually
cell fusion
zygote formation

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43
Q

members of protozoa are primarliy _ (where do they live)

A

aquatic

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44
Q

chrysophytes involve

A

diatoms
golden algae (desmids)

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45
Q

microscopic organisms that float passively on water currents

A

planktons (chrysophytes)

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46
Q

cell walls of diatoms

A

cell wall form two thin overlapping shells that fit together to form a soap box like shape
walls are embedded with silica and so they are indestructible

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47
Q

silica soap box cell wall

A

diatoms

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48
Q

chief producers of the ocean

A

diatoms

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49
Q

diatomaceous earth is used for

A

this soil is gritty and so its used in polishing, filtration of oils and syrups

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50
Q

dinoflagelletes are mostly _ (habitat)
and _ (mode of nutrition)

A

marine
photosynthetic

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51
Q

which protistans can appear different colors depending on the pigments present in them

A

dinoflagellets

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52
Q

dinoflagelltes cell wall

A

cell wall has stiff cellulosic plates on the outer surface

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53
Q

flagella situation in dinoflagelletes

A

most of them have two flagellas, one lies longitudinally and the other transversely in the furrow between the wall plates

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54
Q

red tides is because of _
harmful results of such occurence?

A

red dinoflagelltes called gonyaulax
toxins released by such large numbers can even kill other marine organisms like fishes

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55
Q

majority of them are fresh water organisms found in stagnant water

A

euglenoids

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56
Q

euglenoids are generally found in

A

frest stagnant water

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57
Q

cell wall situation in euglenoids

A

absent,, instead of a cell wall they have a protein rich layer called pellicle which makes their body flexible

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58
Q

pellicle is found in _
what is its function

A

euglenoids
helps make the body flexible

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59
Q

flagella situation in euglenoids

A

two flagella
one short and one long

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60
Q

pigments of euglenoids are

A

similar to those found in higher plants

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61
Q

euglenoid mode of nutrition

A

photosynthetic in presence of sunlight
heterotrophic when deprived of sunlight (predate on other organism)

62
Q

slime moulds mode of nutrition

A

saprophytic protists

63
Q

the body of which protist moves along dead twigs and leaves to engulf organic material

A

slime moulds

64
Q

under suitable conditions, slime moulds form an aggregation called

A

plasmodium

65
Q

plasmodium in slime moulds is formed in _ conditions

A

suitable

66
Q

plasmodium of slime moulds can grown and spread over several feets true or false

A

true

67
Q

what happens to plasmodium of slime moulds in unfavourable conditions

A

plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips which get dispersed by air currents

68
Q

spores of fruiting bodies of slime moulds

A

they posses true walls
extremely resistant to the point where they can survive for years, even in adverse conditions

69
Q

protozoan protists mode of nutrition

A

all of them are heterotrophs and live either as predators or parasites

70
Q

primitive relative of animals

A

protozoan (protists)

71
Q

major groups of protozoans

A

amoeboid
flagellated
ciliated
sporozoans

72
Q

marine forms of which protozoan have silica shells on their surface

A

amoeboid

73
Q

_ form of amoeboid protozoan have silica shell on their surface

A

marine

74
Q

entamoeba is a

A

amoeboid protozoan
parasite

75
Q

example of amoeboid protozoan

A

entamoeba

76
Q

parasitic forms of _ causes sleeping sickness. example-

A

flagellated protozoan
trypanosoma

77
Q

_ form of flagellated protozoans cause sleeping sickness

A

parasitic

78
Q

ciliated protozoans are _ (habitat) and _ (actively/passively) moving organisms because of the _

A

aquatic
actively
presence of thousands of cilia

79
Q

ciliated protozoans have a _ that opens to the outside of the cell surface

A

cavity / gullet

80
Q

gullet can be found in which protozoan. what is its function

A

ciliated

the coordinated movement of cilia helps the food laden water to move inside the gullet

81
Q

ciliated protozoan example

A

paramoecium

82
Q

malarial parasite is a

A

sporozoan protist

83
Q

most notorious sporozoan

A

plasmodium (the malarial parasite)

84
Q

sporozoans are characterized by

A

diverse organisms that have an infectious spore like stage in their life cycle

85
Q

wheat rust is caused by

A

puccinia which is a fungi

86
Q

white spots on mustard leaves are due to a _

A

parasitic fungi,, albugo

87
Q

penicillium is a _ and is used to make several _

A

fungi
antibiotics

88
Q

fungi habitat and preferance of living

A

cosmopolitan ,, occurs in air, water, soil and on animals
prefers to live in warm hot and humid places

89
Q

fungi body type and exceptions

A

with the exception of yeast which is unicellular, fungi are filamentous
body consist of long slender threads called hypae

90
Q

network of hyphae is called

A

mycelium

91
Q

coenocytic hyphae

A

some hyphae are continuous tubes filled with multinucleated cytoplasm, and they are called coenocytic hyphae

92
Q

if a hyphae isn’t coenocytic, then what type is it?

A

other hyphae have septae or cross walls in them

93
Q

cell wall of fungi are made up of

A

chitin and polysaccharides

94
Q

most fungi are _ (mode of nutrition)

A

heterotrophic

95
Q

reproduction in fungi

A

1) VEGETATIVE MEANS
- fragmentation
-fission
-budding

2) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
-spores called conidia, sporangiospore or zoospore

3) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
- spores called oospores, ascospores and basidiospores

96
Q

the various spores for reproduction in fungi are formed in

A

distinct structures called fruiting bodies

97
Q

sexual cycle of fungi involves the following steps

A

plasmogamy - fusion of protoplasms of gametes
karyogamy - fusion of nuclei
meiosis in zygote resulting in haploid spores

98
Q

dikaryophase is seen is

A

ascomycetes and basidiomycetes

99
Q

aseptate hyphae/coenocytic hyphae-
septate hyphae-

A

continuous tubes having multinucleate conditions
have cross walls or septa

100
Q

aseptate hyphae are called coenocytic hyphae because

A

having shit ton of nuclei in the cytoplasm

101
Q

phycomycetes habitat

A

aquatic places
decaying wood in moist and damp places
as obligate parasites on plants and animals

102
Q

phycomycetes mycelium

A

aseptate and coenocytic

103
Q

reproduction in pycomyctes and how do the spores originate

A

asexual reproduction by zoospores (motile) and aplanospores (non-motile)
spores are produced endogenously in sporangium

104
Q

phycomycetes example

A

mucor
rhizopus (bread mould)
albugo (mustard leaf parasitic fungi)

105
Q

sac fungi

A

ascomycetes

106
Q

ascomycetes body type

A

mostly multicellular like penicillin
rarely unicellular like yeast

107
Q

a coprophilous fungi is

A

ascomycetes

108
Q

ascomycetes mycelium

A

branched and septate

109
Q

asexual spores of ascomycetes

A

conidia produced exogenously on special mycelium called conidiophores

110
Q

sexual spores of ascomycetes

A

ascospores produced endogenously in asci (sac like). the asci are arranged in different types of fruiting bodies called ascocarps

111
Q

ascomycetes example

A

aspergillus
claviceps
neurospora
morels
truffles
penicillin
yeast

112
Q

an ascomycetes used extensively in biochem and genetic work

A

neurospora

113
Q

edible ascomycetes

A

morels
truffles

  • they are considered delicacies
114
Q

commonly known forms of basidiomycetes

A

mushrooms
brackets
puffballs

115
Q

basidiomycetes habitat

A

grow in soil
on logs
tree stumps
as parasites like rusts and smuts

116
Q

basidiomycetes mycelium

A

septate and branched

117
Q

asexual spores in basidiomycetes

A

generally not found

118
Q

common mode of reproduction in basidiomycetes

A

vegetative reproduction by fragmentation

119
Q

sex organs are absent in basidiomycetes, how does reproducttion take place then

A

plasmogamy is bought about by fusion of two vegetative or somatic cells of different strains or genotypes. the resultant structure is dikaryotic which ultimately gives rise to basidium. karyogamy and meiosis takes place in basidium giving rise to four basidiospores

120
Q

karyogamy and meiosis takes place in _ in basidiomycetes,, and it results in _

A

basidium
4 basidiospores

121
Q

basidiospores are produced _ (origin) on the _

A

exogenously
basdium

122
Q

basidium are arranged in fruiting bodies called

A

basidiocarps

123
Q

basidiomycetes example

A

agaricus (mushroom)
ustilago (smut)
puccinia ( wheat rust fungus)

124
Q

imperfect fungi,, why?

A

deuteromycetes
bc only the asexual vegetative phases of these fungi are known

125
Q

once perfect stages (sexual) of deuteromycetes were identified, they were often moved to

A

ascomycetes and basidiomycetes

126
Q

deuteromycetes mycelium

A

branched and septate

127
Q

deuteromycetes reproduce only by -

A

asexual spores known as conidia

128
Q

large number of deuteromycetes are _ while some of them are _ and _

A

decomposers of litter and help in mineral cycling
saphrophytes and parasites

128
Q

large number of deuteromycetes are _ while some of them are _ and _

A

decomposers of litter and help in mineral cycling
saphrophytes and parasites

129
Q

deuteromycetes help in

A

mineral cycling

130
Q

examples of deuteromycetes

A

alternaria
colletotrichum
trichoderma

131
Q

what forms the basis of division of kingdom fungi into various classes

A

morphology of mycelium
mode of spore formation
fruiting bodies

132
Q

bladderworts are

A

insectivorous plants

133
Q

cuscuta is a

A

parasitic plant

134
Q

venus fly trap is a

A

insectivorous plant

135
Q

kingdom animalia store food reserves as

A

glycogen or fat

136
Q

acellular organisms that were excluded from the 5 system classification

also cellular organisms that were excluded

A

viruses and viroids

lichens

137
Q

viruses are characterised by

A

having an inert crystalline structure OUTSIDE the living cell

138
Q

the name virus was given by _ and it means _.

what did the person do that lead him to viruses

A

Psteus. D. J. Ivanowsky
venomous fluid

he recognized the causative agents of the mosaic disease of tobacco

139
Q

‘contagium vivum fluidum’

A

m.w. beijerinek demonstrated that the extract of the infected plant of tobacco could cause disease in healthy plants and called the fluid as ‘contagium vivum fluidum’ which means infectious living fluid

140
Q

who showed that virus could be crystallized and crystals contain largely of proteins

A

w.m stanley

141
Q

virus basically contains

A

proteins
either RNA or DNA

  • hence a virus is a nucleoprotein and the genetic material is infectious
142
Q

virus that infects plants

virus that infects animals

bacteriophage

A

single stranded RNA

either single or double stranded RNA // double stranded DNA

usually double stranded DNA

143
Q

protein coat of virus is called _ and its made of _ .

A

capsid
capsomeres

144
Q

function of capsid

A

protects the nucleic acid

145
Q

capsomere arrangement

A

helical or polyhedral geometric form

146
Q

viroids was discovered by

A

T.O. Diener

147
Q

viroid characters

A

smaller than virus
free RNA
lacked the protein coat found in virus
RNA is of low molecular weight

148
Q

viroids cause

A

potato spindle tuber disease

149
Q

prions are basically

A

abnormally folded proteins

150
Q

prions cause the diseases

A

mad cow disease or BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy)

CJD disease in humans (Cr-Jacob disease) ,, this is caused by the analogous variant of the same microbe that causes BSE

151
Q

most fungi are saphrophytes, true or false

A

true

152
Q

compare size of prions and viroids to that of virus

A

prions- similar in size to virus
viroids- smaller than virus

categorical studies (3 decks)

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