biological classification Flashcards
1
Q
who was the earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for classification,, how did he classify various organisms
A
aristotle
he used simple morphological characters to classify plants into trees, shrubs and herbs
he divided animals into two groups, those who had red blood and those who did not
2
Q
in whose time was a two kingdom system of classification was relevant
A
linnaeus
3
Q
five kingdom classification was proposed by,, name the included kingdoms
A
R.H whittaker
monera
protista
fungi
plantae
animalia
4
Q
the main criteria for classification under 5 kingdom system was
A
cell structure
thallus organisation
mode of nutrition
reproduction
phylogenetic relationships
5
Q
moneral cell wall
A
non-cellulosic
made up of polysaccharide and amino acids
6
Q
do all protists have a cell wall
A
present in some, not all of them
7
Q
fungal cell wall
A
present
w/o cellulose
8
Q
body organisation of the kingdoms present in 5 kingdom system
A
monera- cellular
protista - cellular
fungi - multicellular (loose tissue)
plantae - multicellular (tissue/organ)
animal - multicellular (tissue/organ/organ system)
9
Q
monera mode of nutrition
A
autotrophic (chemo and photo)
heterotrophic (saphro and parasitic)
10
Q
protista mode of nutrition
A
autotrophic (photo)
heterotrophic
11
Q
fungi mode of nutrition
A
hetero (saphro and parasitic)
12
Q
animal mode of nutrition
A
hetero (holozoic and saphro etc)
13
Q
phylogenetic means
A
based on evolutionary relationships
14
Q
sole members of kingdom monera
A
bacteria
15
Q
most abundant micro-organisms
A
bacteria
16
Q
an endospore can generally be seen in which of the bacterial shape
A
bacilli
17
Q
which bacteria shape generally has flagellum
A
spirilla
18
Q
most extensive metabolic activity can be expected to be shown by which group pf micro-organims
A
bacteria
19
Q
the bacterial structure is very simple, they are also very simple in behavorial terms, true or false
A
false,, despite having a simple structure they are very complex in behaviour
20
Q
vast majority of bacteria have what kind of mode of nutrition
A
heterotrophic
21
Q
kingdom monera can be further divided into
A
archaebacteri
eubacteria
22
Q
archaebacteria live in
A
they live in some of the harshest environments
like methanogens (marshy areas)
halophiles (salty areas)
thermoacidophiles (hot springs)
23
Q
archaebacteria differ from other bacteria as
A
different cell wall structure that helps them to survive in the extreme conditions they live in
24
Q
methanogens
A
can be found in the gut of several ruminants
responsible for producing methane gas (biogas) from the dung of these animals
25
eubacteria examples
cyanobacteria/ BGA
and mycoplasma
26
cyanobacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen
nostoc and anabaena
27
eubacteria are characterised by
a rigid cell wall and a flagellum if motile
28
cyanobacteria mode of nutrition
photosynthetic autotrophs
29
cyanobacteria has which chlorophyll
A
30
cyanobacteria are
a) unicellular/ colonial/ filamentous?
b) fresh water/ marine/ terrestial?
all are correct
they're all of the options
31
cyanobacteria colonies are generally surrounded by
gelationous sheath
32
which moneral organism often form bloom in polluted water bodies
cyanobacteria (eubacteria)
33
some of _ bacteria can fix atomospheric nitrogen in specialized cells called _ , for example _ and _
cyanobacteria
heterocysts
nostoc
anabaena
34
chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria play a great role in recycling nutrients like
nitrogen
phosphorus
iron
sulphur
35
majority of heterotrophic bacteria are important _
decomposers
36
heterotrophic bacteria help in human affairs like
making curd from millk
prodn of antibiotics
fixing nitrogen in legume roots
37
citrus canker disese is caused by
bacteria
38
bacteria mainly reproduce by _
in unfavourable conditions they reproduce by _
fission
spores
39
many mycoplasma are pathogenic in plants and animals, true or false
true
39
cyanobacteria is a terrestial _
algae
40
boundary of which kingdom is not very well defined
protista
41
protista can be further divided into
chrysophytes
dinoflagelletes
euglenoids
slime moulds
protozoans
42
protists reproduce _ and _ by a process invlolving _ and _
asexually
sexually
cell fusion
zygote formation
43
members of protozoa are primarliy _ (where do they live)
aquatic
44
chrysophytes involve
diatoms
golden algae (desmids)
45
microscopic organisms that float passively on water currents
planktons (chrysophytes)
46
cell walls of diatoms
cell wall form two thin overlapping shells that fit together to form a soap box like shape
walls are embedded with silica and so they are indestructible
47
silica soap box cell wall
diatoms
48
chief producers of the ocean
diatoms
49
diatomaceous earth is used for
this soil is gritty and so its used in polishing, filtration of oils and syrups
50
dinoflagelletes are mostly _ (habitat)
and _ (mode of nutrition)
marine
photosynthetic
51
which protistans can appear different colors depending on the pigments present in them
dinoflagellets
52
dinoflagelltes cell wall
cell wall has stiff cellulosic plates on the outer surface
53
flagella situation in dinoflagelletes
most of them have two flagellas, one lies longitudinally and the other transversely in the furrow between the wall plates
54
red tides is because of _
harmful results of such occurence?
red dinoflagelltes called gonyaulax
toxins released by such large numbers can even kill other marine organisms like fishes
55
majority of them are fresh water organisms found in stagnant water
euglenoids
56
euglenoids are generally found in
frest stagnant water
57
cell wall situation in euglenoids
absent,, instead of a cell wall they have a protein rich layer called pellicle which makes their body flexible
58
pellicle is found in _
what is its function
euglenoids
helps make the body flexible
59
flagella situation in euglenoids
two flagella
one short and one long
60
pigments of euglenoids are
similar to those found in higher plants
61
euglenoid mode of nutrition
photosynthetic in presence of sunlight
heterotrophic when deprived of sunlight (predate on other organism)
62
slime moulds mode of nutrition
saprophytic protists
63
the body of which protist moves along dead twigs and leaves to engulf organic material
slime moulds
64
under suitable conditions, slime moulds form an aggregation called
plasmodium
65
plasmodium in slime moulds is formed in _ conditions
suitable
66
plasmodium of slime moulds can grown and spread over several feets true or false
true
67
what happens to plasmodium of slime moulds in unfavourable conditions
plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips which get dispersed by air currents
68
spores of fruiting bodies of slime moulds
they posses true walls
extremely resistant to the point where they can survive for years, even in adverse conditions
69
protozoan protists mode of nutrition
all of them are heterotrophs and live either as predators or parasites
70
primitive relative of animals
protozoan (protists)
71
major groups of protozoans
amoeboid
flagellated
ciliated
sporozoans
72
marine forms of which protozoan have silica shells on their surface
amoeboid
73
_ form of amoeboid protozoan have silica shell on their surface
marine
74
entamoeba is a
amoeboid protozoan
parasite
75
example of amoeboid protozoan
entamoeba
76
parasitic forms of _ causes sleeping sickness. example-
flagellated protozoan
trypanosoma
77
_ form of flagellated protozoans cause sleeping sickness
parasitic
78
ciliated protozoans are _ (habitat) and _ (actively/passively) moving organisms because of the _
aquatic
actively
presence of thousands of cilia
79
ciliated protozoans have a _ that opens to the outside of the cell surface
cavity / gullet
80
gullet can be found in which protozoan. what is its function
ciliated
the coordinated movement of cilia helps the food laden water to move inside the gullet
81
ciliated protozoan example
paramoecium
82
malarial parasite is a
sporozoan protist
83
most notorious sporozoan
plasmodium (the malarial parasite)
84
sporozoans are characterized by
diverse organisms that have an infectious spore like stage in their life cycle
85
wheat rust is caused by
puccinia which is a fungi
86
white spots on mustard leaves are due to a _
parasitic fungi,, albugo
87
penicillium is a _ and is used to make several _
fungi
antibiotics
88
fungi habitat and preferance of living
cosmopolitan ,, occurs in air, water, soil and on animals
prefers to live in warm hot and humid places
89
fungi body type and exceptions
with the exception of yeast which is unicellular, fungi are filamentous
body consist of long slender threads called hypae
90
network of hyphae is called
mycelium
91
coenocytic hyphae
some hyphae are continuous tubes filled with multinucleated cytoplasm, and they are called coenocytic hyphae
92
if a hyphae isn't coenocytic, then what type is it?
other hyphae have septae or cross walls in them
93
cell wall of fungi are made up of
chitin and polysaccharides
94
most fungi are _ (mode of nutrition)
heterotrophic
95
reproduction in fungi
1) VEGETATIVE MEANS
- fragmentation
-fission
-budding
2) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
-spores called conidia, sporangiospore or zoospore
3) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
- spores called oospores, ascospores and basidiospores
96
the various spores for reproduction in fungi are formed in
distinct structures called fruiting bodies
97
sexual cycle of fungi involves the following steps
plasmogamy - fusion of protoplasms of gametes
karyogamy - fusion of nuclei
meiosis in zygote resulting in haploid spores
98
dikaryophase is seen is
ascomycetes and basidiomycetes
99
aseptate hyphae/coenocytic hyphae-
septate hyphae-
continuous tubes having multinucleate conditions
have cross walls or septa
100
aseptate hyphae are called coenocytic hyphae because
having shit ton of nuclei in the cytoplasm
101
phycomycetes habitat
aquatic places
decaying wood in moist and damp places
as obligate parasites on plants and animals
102
phycomycetes mycelium
aseptate and coenocytic
103
reproduction in pycomyctes and how do the spores originate
asexual reproduction by zoospores (motile) and aplanospores (non-motile)
spores are produced endogenously in sporangium
104
phycomycetes example
mucor
rhizopus (bread mould)
albugo (mustard leaf parasitic fungi)
105
sac fungi
ascomycetes
106
ascomycetes body type
mostly multicellular like penicillin
rarely unicellular like yeast
107
a coprophilous fungi is
ascomycetes
108
ascomycetes mycelium
branched and septate
109
asexual spores of ascomycetes
conidia produced exogenously on special mycelium called conidiophores
110
sexual spores of ascomycetes
ascospores produced endogenously in asci (sac like). the asci are arranged in different types of fruiting bodies called ascocarps
111
ascomycetes example
aspergillus
claviceps
neurospora
morels
truffles
penicillin
yeast
112
an ascomycetes used extensively in biochem and genetic work
neurospora
113
edible ascomycetes
morels
truffles
- they are considered delicacies
114
commonly known forms of basidiomycetes
mushrooms
brackets
puffballs
115
basidiomycetes habitat
grow in soil
on logs
tree stumps
as parasites like rusts and smuts
116
basidiomycetes mycelium
septate and branched
117
asexual spores in basidiomycetes
generally not found
118
common mode of reproduction in basidiomycetes
vegetative reproduction by fragmentation
119
sex organs are absent in basidiomycetes, how does reproducttion take place then
plasmogamy is bought about by fusion of two vegetative or somatic cells of different strains or genotypes. the resultant structure is dikaryotic which ultimately gives rise to basidium. karyogamy and meiosis takes place in basidium giving rise to four basidiospores
120
karyogamy and meiosis takes place in _ in basidiomycetes,, and it results in _
basidium
4 basidiospores
121
basidiospores are produced _ (origin) on the _
exogenously
basdium
122
basidium are arranged in fruiting bodies called
basidiocarps
123
basidiomycetes example
agaricus (mushroom)
ustilago (smut)
puccinia ( wheat rust fungus)
124
imperfect fungi,, why?
deuteromycetes
bc only the asexual vegetative phases of these fungi are known
125
once perfect stages (sexual) of deuteromycetes were identified, they were often moved to
ascomycetes and basidiomycetes
126
deuteromycetes mycelium
branched and septate
127
deuteromycetes reproduce only by -
asexual spores known as conidia
128
large number of deuteromycetes are _ while some of them are _ and _
decomposers of litter and help in mineral cycling
saphrophytes and parasites
128
large number of deuteromycetes are _ while some of them are _ and _
decomposers of litter and help in mineral cycling
saphrophytes and parasites
129
deuteromycetes help in
mineral cycling
130
examples of deuteromycetes
alternaria
colletotrichum
trichoderma
131
what forms the basis of division of kingdom fungi into various classes
morphology of mycelium
mode of spore formation
fruiting bodies
132
bladderworts are
insectivorous plants
133
cuscuta is a
parasitic plant
134
venus fly trap is a
insectivorous plant
135
kingdom animalia store food reserves as
glycogen or fat
136
acellular organisms that were excluded from the 5 system classification
also cellular organisms that were excluded
viruses and viroids
lichens
137
viruses are characterised by
having an inert crystalline structure OUTSIDE the living cell
138
the name virus was given by _ and it means _.
what did the person do that lead him to viruses
Psteus. D. J. Ivanowsky
venomous fluid
he recognized the causative agents of the mosaic disease of tobacco
139
'contagium vivum fluidum'
m.w. beijerinek demonstrated that the extract of the infected plant of tobacco could cause disease in healthy plants and called the fluid as 'contagium vivum fluidum' which means infectious living fluid
140
who showed that virus could be crystallized and crystals contain largely of proteins
w.m stanley
141
virus basically contains
proteins
either RNA or DNA
- hence a virus is a nucleoprotein and the genetic material is infectious
142
virus that infects plants
virus that infects animals
bacteriophage
single stranded RNA
either single or double stranded RNA // double stranded DNA
usually double stranded DNA
143
protein coat of virus is called _ and its made of _ .
capsid
capsomeres
144
function of capsid
protects the nucleic acid
145
capsomere arrangement
helical or polyhedral geometric form
146
viroids was discovered by
T.O. Diener
147
viroid characters
smaller than virus
free RNA
lacked the protein coat found in virus
RNA is of low molecular weight
148
viroids cause
potato spindle tuber disease
149
prions are basically
abnormally folded proteins
150
prions cause the diseases
mad cow disease or BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy)
CJD disease in humans (Cr-Jacob disease) ,, this is caused by the analogous variant of the same microbe that causes BSE
151
most fungi are saphrophytes, true or false
true
152
compare size of prions and viroids to that of virus
prions- similar in size to virus
viroids- smaller than virus
