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categorical studies > plant kingdom > Flashcards

plant kingdom Flashcards

1
Q

five kingdom classification was proposed by

A

R H Whittaker

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2
Q

kingdom plantae consists of

A

algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms

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3
Q

the earliest system of classification was based mainly on

A

gross superficial morphological characters like habit, color, number of leaves,, they were mainly based on vegetative characters or androecium structure (based on LINNAEUS)

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4
Q

what was the system given by linnaeus to classify plants called and why was it discarded

A

called artifical system of classification and it was mainly based on vegetative characters or androecium structure,,,, it was discarded bc it gave equal weightage to both sexual anf vegetative characters which is wrong bc vegetative characyers are easily affected by environment

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5
Q

natural classification system

A

based on natural affinities among the organisms and consider not only the outer but internal features like ultra structure, anatomy, embroyology and phytochemistry

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6
Q

the natural classification system was given by

A

george bentham and joseph dalton hooker

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7
Q

what is the current acceptable system of classification

A

phylogenetic classification systems based on evolutionary rs between various organisms

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8
Q

algae habitat

A

largely aquatic (both freshwater nd marine) ,, also occur in a variety of other habitats like moist stones, soils and wood ,, some of them also occur in association w lichen and on sloth bear

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9
Q

colonial forms of algae ex

A

volvox

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10
Q

filamentous form of algae

A

ulothrix and spirogyra

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11
Q

a few of _ forms of algae form _ which are massive plant bodies

A

marine
kelps

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12
Q

algae reproduce by —

A

sexual
asexual and
vegetative forms

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13
Q

vegetative reproduction in algae

A

by fragmentation,, each fragment develops into a thallus

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14
Q

asexual reproduction in algae

A

by prodn of different types of spores, most common of which is zoospore.

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15
Q

algal zoospore

A

helps in asexual reproduction
flaggelated (motile) and on germination gives rise to new plants

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16
Q

sexual reproduction in algae

A

through fusion of 2 gametes

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17
Q

algal sexual reproduction where gametes are similar in size and flaggelated

A

ulothrix

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18
Q

algal sexual reproduction where gametes are similar in size and non-flagelated

A

spirogyra

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19
Q

ulothrix and spirogyra are examples of what kind of reproduction

A

sexual isogamous

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20
Q

anisogamous reproduction def. and example in algae

A

fusion of two gametes disimilar in size. eudorina

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21
Q

oogamous sexual reproduction in algae

A

volvox and fucus

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22
Q

atleast _ the toltal co2 fixation is carried out by _ through photosynthesis

A

half
algae

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23
Q

many species of _, _ and _ are among the 70 species of _ algae that are used as food

A

porphyra
sargassum
laminaria
marine

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24
Q

certain marine _ and _ algae produce large amoutn of hydrocolloids examples _ and _

A

brown and red algae
algin (brown) nd carrageen (red)

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25
Q

agar, a commercial products used to grow microbes and to make icecreams and jellies is obtained from algae -

A

gracilaria and gelidium

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26
Q

a unicellular algae rich in _ that is also used by space travellers as a food supplement is

A

protein
chlorella

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27
Q

chlorophycae pigment dominance

A

chlorophyll a and b

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28
Q

most of the members of chlorophycae have storage bodies called _ in the _

A

pyrenoids
chloroplast

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29
Q

pyrenoids generally found in

A

chlorophycae

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30
Q

pyrenoids contain

A

starch mostly
also protein

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31
Q

chlorophycae cell wall condition

A

usually have a rigid cell wall
inner layer of cellulose
outer layer of pectose

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32
Q

commonly found green algae

A

chlamydomonas
volvox
ulothrix
chara
chlamydomonas

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33
Q

reproduction situation in green algae

A

veg. rep - fragmentation or by formation of different types of spores

asexual rep - flagellated zoospores produced in zoosporangia

sexual reproduction - shows considerable variation and could be isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous

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34
Q

phaeophycae primary habitat

A

marine

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35
Q

heavy variation in size and form from ectocarpous to kelps is shown by which algae

A

brown

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36
Q

ectocarpous

A

filamentous brown algae

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37
Q

kelps

A

profusely branched form of brown algae and can reach upto 100 metres

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38
Q

brown algae pigments

A

chlorophyll a and c
caretenoid
xanthophyll

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39
Q

the variation in color of brown algae from olive green to various shades of brown depends upon the presence of

A

xanthophyll pigment
fucoxanthin pigment

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40
Q

food in brown algae is stored in the form of

A

complex carbs which may be in the form of mannitol or laminarin

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41
Q

the _ cells of brown algae generally have a cellulosic wall usually covered on the outside by _ coating of _

A

vegetative
gelatinous
algin

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42
Q

frond in brown algae is a

A

a leaf like photosynthetic organ

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43
Q

The plant body is usually attached to the substratum by a _
and has a _ and _ and leaf like photosynthetic organ –
the _.

A

holdfast
stalk stipe
frond

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44
Q

reproduction in brown algae

A

vegetative rep
asexual
sexual

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45
Q

vegetative rep in brown algae

A

fragmentation

46
Q

asexual rep in brown algae

A

biflagellate zoospore that are pear shaped and have two unequal laterally attached flagella

47
Q

sexual rep in brown algae

A

could be isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous

48
Q

union of gametes for brown algal sexual rep could take place in -

also describe the physical form of these sexual gametes -

A

within water or within oogonium (oogamous species)

gametes are pyriform (pear shaped) and have two laterally attached flagellas

49
Q

examples of brown algae

A

ectocarpus
dictoyota
laminaria
sargassum
fucus

50
Q

rhodophycaea dominant pigment

A

red pigment, r-phycoerythrin

51
Q

red algae habitat

A

marine with greater concentration found in the warm water
occur both at well-lighted areas near the surface and also at the depths

52
Q

the red thalli of most red algae are unicellular/multicellular??

A

multicellular,,, some of them have complex body organization

53
Q

food in red algae is stored as

A

floridean starch which is very similar to amylopectin and glycogen in structure

54
Q

vegetative rep in red algae

A

fragmentation

55
Q

asexual rep in red algae

A

by non motile spores

56
Q

sexual rep in red algae

A

by non motile gametes,, sex rep is oogamous and is achieved by complex post fertilization developments

57
Q

examples of red algae

A

polysiphonia
porphyra
gracilaria
gelidium

58
Q

bryophytes include _ and _ that are commonly found in growing in

A

mosses and liverworts
moist shaded areas in the hills

59
Q

marchantia

A

a liverwort

60
Q

funaria

A

moss

61
Q

sphagnum

A

moss

62
Q

amphibians of the plant kingdom and why

A

bryophytes bc they can live on soil but are dependent on soil for sexual reproduction

63
Q

which plant kingdom thingy plays an important role in plant succession on bare rocks/soil

A

bryophytes

64
Q

the body of bbryophytes is attached to the substratum by unicellular/multicellular/either (???) _

A

either
rhizoids

65
Q

main plant body of bryo is halpoid/diploid

A

haploid

66
Q

the main plant body of bryo is _ and produces gametes that’s why it’s called _

A

haploid
gametophyte

67
Q

sex organs in bryo are multicellular/unicellular

A

multicellular

68
Q

male sex organ in byro is called and it produces

A

antheridium
biflaggeletes antherezoids

69
Q

female sexorgan in bryo and it produces

A

archegonium which is flask shaped
single egg

70
Q

what happens after a zygote is formed after the fusion of antherzoid and egg in bryo

A

it does not undergo reductional division immeditaely and produce a multicellular body called sporophyte

71
Q

bryohyte sporophyte is

A

not free-living but attached to the photosynthetic
gametophyte and derives nourishment from it.

72
Q

_ cells of sporophytes undergo _ to porduce _ spores which germinate to produce _

A

some
reductional division
haploid
gametophyte

73
Q

plant body of a livermort is

A

thalloid

74
Q

loverwort thallus is

A

dorsiventral
closely appressed to the substrate

75
Q

the leafy members of liverworts have _ on the _

A

tiny leaf like appendages in two rows on the stem like structures

76
Q

asexual rep in liverworts

A

takes place by fragmentation of the thalli or the formation of specialized structure called gammae

77
Q

gammae are _ which develop in _ located on the _

A

green multicellular asexual buds w hich develop in small receptacles called gemma cups located on the thalli

78
Q

liverworts sexual rep

A

male and female sex organs are produced either on the same or on different thalli

79
Q

liverworts sporophytes is differentiated into

A

foot seta capsule

80
Q

in liverworts,, after meiosis, spores are produced in the _ which germinate to produce

A

capsule
free living gametophyte

81
Q

the predominant stage in the life cycle of a moss is a _ which consists of how many stages

A

gametophyte
2, protonema, leafy stage

82
Q

protonema of mosses

A

develops directly from a spore
creeping, green, branched and frequently filamentous stage

83
Q

leafy stage of mosses

A

develops from the secondary protonema as a lateral bud
consists of upright slender axes bearing spirally arranged leaves
attached to the soil through multicellular rhizoids
bears the sex organs

84
Q

the leafy stage of mosses is attached to the soil through multicellular/unicellular/either _

A

multicellular rhizoids

85
Q

vegetative rep in mosses

A

fragmentation and budding in the secondary protonema

86
Q

budding in the mosses occur in the

A

secondary protonema

87
Q

in sexual rep in mosses the sex organs _ and _ are produced at the _

A

antheredia archegonia
apex of the leafy shoot

88
Q

in mosses,, after fertiliazation the zygote develops

A

into a sporophyte consisting of a foot capsule and seta

89
Q

the spoophyte of _ is more elaborate than _ in bryo

A

mosses liverworts

90
Q

out of mosses and liverworts, which one has an elaborate network of spore dispersal

A

mosses

91
Q

examples of mosses

A

funaria
sphagnum
polytrichum

92
Q

the pteridophytes include

A

horsetails and ferns

93
Q

pterido uses

A

used as medicinal purposes
soil binders
grown as ornamentals

94
Q

evolutionary, _ are the first terrestial plants to posses vascular tissues

A

xylem and phloem

95
Q

pterido are found in _ but they can also flourish in _

A

cool damp shady
sandy soil condn

96
Q

dominant phase in the life cycle of bryo and pterido

A

gametophytes
sporophyte

97
Q

the main plant body of pterido is _ and it is differentiated into

A

sporophyte
true stem and leaves

98
Q

microphylls

A

found in pterido
they are small leaves
found in selanginella

99
Q

macrophylls

A

found in pterido
they are large leaves
found in ferns

100
Q

sporophylls

A

the sporophytes of pterido bear sporangia that are subtended by leaf-like appendages called sporophylls

101
Q

strobili / cones ??

A

in some cases,, sporophylles may form distinct compact structures called strobili/cones as in selaginella and equisetum

102
Q

the spores in pterido give germinate to give rise to

A

inconspicous, small but multicellular, free living, mostly photosynthetic gametophytes called prothallus

103
Q

prothallus

A

the spores in pterido germtinte to give rise to prothallus which is small, multicellular, free living and a photpsynthetic gametophyte

104
Q

prothallus require these conditions to grow

A

cool, damp and shady places

105
Q

reason why pterido are limited to certain geo areas only

A

bc of the specific restricted conditions in which prothallus grows and the requirement of water for fertilization

106
Q

the zygote that’s formed after fertilization of male gamete w the egg, produces

A

a multi cellular well differentiated sporophyte which is the dominant phase of pterido

107
Q

in majority of pterido most spores are of _ kind.
exceptions-

A

homosporous
selaginella salvinia

108
Q

the _ and _ germinate and giev rise to femal and male gametophyte resp. in pterido

A

megaspores microspores

109
Q

the _ gametophyte in pterido are retained on the parent _ for how long

A

female
sporophyte
variable periods

110
Q

further classes of pterido

A

psilopsida (psilotum)
lycopsida (selaginella, lycopodium)
sphenopsida (equisetum)
pteropsida (dryopteris, pteris, adiantum)

categorical studies (3 decks)

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