Biological Classification

Question 1

What were the basis of classification in two kingdom system?

Answer 1

Given by Carolus Linnaeus.

He divided organisms into plants and animals using RML College

Response to stimuli (A)
Mode of nutrition (auto and hetero)
Locomotion (A)
Cell wall (P)
Contractile vacuole (A)

Question 2

Drawbacks of earlier classification is

Answer 2

Kept BGA(pro) with green algae(eu)

Chlamydomonas and chlorella(uni) with spirogyra(multi)

Plants(auto) with fungi(hetero)

Question 3

Basis of five kingdom classification

Answer 3

TeaM CPR

Thallus organisation
Mode of nutrition
Cell structure
Phylogenetic relationship
Reproduction

Question 4

How are archaebacteria similar to eukaryotes?

Answer 4

Genome of archaebacteria and eukaryotes is similar because of presence of histones.

Question 5

Obligate aerobes

Answer 5

Organisms that strictly cannot survive without oxygen

Question 6

Facultative anaerobes

Answer 6

Organisms that are mainly aerobes but can become optionally anaerobes i.e can survive in lack of oxygen.
Eg:- Mycoplasma, heterocyst of cyanobacteria.

Question 7

Obligate anaerobes

Answer 7

Organisms that cannot survive in presence of oxygen

Question 8

Facultative aerobes

Answer 8

Organisms that are mainly anaerobes but optionally aerobes i.e live in absence of oxygen, but won’t die in its presence.

Question 9

Sulphur bacteria

Answer 9

They are photoautotrophs which use H2S as their hydrogen donor.
Can be green sulphur bacteria and purple sulphur bacteria.

Question 10

Chemoautotrophs

Answer 10

Produce energy by oxidation of chemicals and help in recycling of nutrients

Question 11

Bacterial reproduction

Answer 11

Asexual
By binary fission in fav and endospore development in unfav.

Sexual
Primitive methods:- transformation(R-S experiment), transduction(virus) and conjugation(sex pilli)

Question 12

Cyanobacteria habitat

Answer 12

Freshwater, marine water and moist soil

Question 13

Pigments in cyano

Answer 13

C-phycocyann(blue) and chl a(green, similar to higher plants)

Question 14

Heterocyst

Answer 14

A nitrogen fixing cell in cyanobacteria colony which has nitrogenase enzyme(Mo) in it.

Question 15

Cyano examples

Answer 15

Nostoc and anabaena

Question 16

Mycoplasma

Answer 16

Aka pplo
0.3 micrometer size
No cell wall i.e penicillin resistant

Question 17

Indicators of water pollution

Answer 17

Diatoms
Have chl a+c

Question 18

Armoured algae

Answer 18

Dinoflagellates
Have chl a+c

Question 19

Red tide

Answer 19

By gonyoulax(dino)
Divided rapidy to turn sea red

Question 20

Red sea

Answer 20

By trichodesmium(BGA)

Question 21

Toxin by dinoflagellates

Answer 21

Sacitoxin
Kills fishes and cause paralytic shellfish poisoning in humans

Question 22

Connecting link between plants and animals

Answer 22

Euglenoids

Question 23

Euglenoids nutrition

Answer 23

Photosynthesis(have chl a+b just like higher plants) in presence of light and decomposers/predators in absence of light

Question 24

Dino vs Euglenoids flagella

Answer 24

1 transverse and 1 longitudinal in dino
2 unequal in Euglenoids

Question 25

Feeding stage in slime mould

Answer 25

Plasmodium (in fav condition)

Question 26

Unfavourable condition in slime mould

Answer 26

Form fruiting body

Question 27

CW in slime moulds

Answer 27

Normal body lacks true cw but spore has true cw

Question 28

Primitive relatives of animals

Answer 28

Protozoans

Question 29

Amoeboid protozoans

Answer 29

Have pseudopodia
Aquatic
Parasitic
Entamoeba histolytica

Question 30

Flagellates

Answer 30

Flagella
Aquatic
Parasite
Trypanosoma(african sleeping sickness)

Question 31

Ciliates

Answer 31

Cilia
Aquatic
Parasite
Paramoecium

Question 32

Sporozoans

Answer 32

Obligate endoparasytes
Plasmodium

Question 33

Fungi examples

Answer 33

Practice

Question 34

Which phylum in fungi can perform budding and binary fission

Answer 34

Ascomycetes as they have yeast
Rest all perform fragmentation

Question 35

Dikaryon

Answer 35

2 nucleus stage in fungi sexual reproduction
Present in asco and basido
In phyco, no dikaryon
In deutero, no sexual reproduction

Question 36

Algal fungi

Answer 36

Phyco

Question 37

Phyco

Answer 37

Aquatic, grows on wood and obligate parasites
Unbranced and aseptate

Question 38

Asexual reproduction in phyco

Answer 38

Forms sporangiospore which are endogenous and can be motile or non motile.
Have a covering called sporangia

Question 39

Sac fungi

Answer 39

Asco

Question 40

Asco

Answer 40

Branched and septate
On dead and dung
Have yeast

Question 41

Asexual reproduction in asco

Answer 41

Form conidia inside conidiophore
Conidia in exogenous, non motile

Question 42

Sexual reproduction in asco

Answer 42

Early dikaryon
Forma ascocarp on which ascus arise and inside it ascospore are present.
Ascospore are endogenous

Question 43

Common names for basidio

Answer 43

Club fungi, shell fungi, puff ball

Question 44

Sexual reproduction in basidio

Answer 44

No gametes
Delayed dikaryon
Form basidium which has basidospore on basidium,
Karyogamy and meiosis both occur in basidium

Question 45

Asexually reproduction in deutero

Answer 45

By conidia, same as asco

Question 46

Virus

Answer 46

Dna/Rna + protein coat

Question 47

DIBS

Answer 47

Ivanvowsky- found tmv and concluded that virus must be smaller than bacteria

Beijernik- coined the term virus
Called the fluid:- contagum vivum fluidium

Stanley- crystallised virus to find that it’s mainly made of protein

Question 48

Viroid discovery

Answer 48

By T.O. Diener

Viroid is ssrna that causes potato spindle tuber disease

Question 49

Albugo- albela

Answer 49

CW of cellulose
Diploid
Aquatic