Biological Classification

Question 1

5 kingdom claf

Answer 1

1969, RH Whittaker

Question 2

3 kc

6 kc

Answer 2

Hacckel

Carl woese ( archa , eubacteria: peptidoglycan absense and lipid monolayer instead of phospoid bilayer)
Based on 16s rino gene
Domain of life :
bacteria
Archae
eukarya

Question 3

Kingdom monera

Intro and shape div

Answer 3

Bacteria are sole members
Character: 
Unicellue, colonial, filaments, 
Non histone, naked Circular ds Dna and RNA
70s ribo
Shape:
The spherical coccus
The rob baccillus. Most common
Comma vbrium
Spiral spirillum

Question 4

Monera: bacterial process

Answer 4

RESPIRATION: AEROIC AND ANAEROBIC, each div into strict and facultative

NUTRITION:
1 PHOTOSYNTHETIC AUTO
A, Photolithotrophic
 solar energy as it has Bacteriochlorophyll and bacterioveridin eg purpul,green sulphur bacteria.
photosynthesis is called ANOXYGENIC
no oxygen is evolved as there is no spliting of water
B, Photoorganotropic 
USE ORGANIC MATER AS ELECTRON SOURCE
most are Anaerobes 
11 CHEMOSYNTHRTIC AUTOTROPHIC
They do not use light as energy

they help in recycling n,p,fes EG NITROSOMOAS, NITROCOCCUS

111HETROPHIC BACTERIA
most abundent

Question 5

MONERA: REPRODUCTION

Answer 5

true sexual reproduction is absent
1 ASEXUAL
A. BINARY
a. replication of dna
b.mesosomediv and membrane formation
c.  cross wall form
B ENDOSPORE
eg; BACCILUS, thick wall bodies

B SEXUAL RECOMBINATION:
NO gamete formation NO fusion

Question 6

viniger producing bacteria

Answer 6

ACETOBACTER ACETI

Question 7

PETROLIUM POLLUTION CONTROLL BACTERIA

Answer 7

PSEUDOMONAS PUTIDA [SUPER BUG]

Question 8

tea bacteria

tubacco bac

Answer 8

Micrococcus

Bacillus megatherium

Question 9

cholera
typhoid
tetanus
citrus cancer

Answer 9

Vibrio cholera
salmonella typhi
clostridium tetani
xanthomonas citri

Question 10

ARCHAEBACTERIA

Answer 10

Archa have INTRONS in genetic sequence
1. METHANOGEN: 
marshy habitat
co2, methanol, formic acid to methane
guts of ruminants CHEMO, OBLIGATE ANAEROBES

2. HALPHILES:
   extreme saline
   can take sun energy

3.THERMOACIDOPHILES:
can tolerate high temp 80 degree celcius, high acid (2)
facultative anaerobes

Question 11

EUBACTERIA:

Answer 11

TRUE BACTERIA
1. CYANOBACTERIA:
GRAM NEGATIVE
OXYGENIC
FRESHWATER AND FEW MARINE
SYMBIOTIC RELATION 
anabaena azollae X azolla
anabaena cycanseae X caralloid root of cycas 

Unicelled filaments, colonial
has trichome sirrounded by mucilagenous sheath
THEY DONT HAVE FLAGELLUM FOR WHOLE LIFE

MOST SELF DEPENDENT ORGANISM
SEXUAL IS ABSENT

Question 12

cyanelle

Answer 12

LITCHEN AND CYNOBACTERIA LIVING TOGETHER ENDOZOICALLY IN PROTOZOANS IS CALLED

Question 13

NECRIDIA, HORMOGONIA

Answer 13

Due to formation of bicoconave, mucliage filled dead cell called becridia inbetw living cell of trichome the filaments breaks into Hormogonia

Question 14

MYCOPLASMA

Answer 14

E NOCARD, E R ROUX Cattles suffering from pneumonia
ppla, JOKERS OF PLANT KING DOM
CAN PASS THROUGH BACTERIAL FILTERS 
THEY ARE NOT REAL BACTERIA OR VIRUS
"bacteria with coats off"

Question 15

smallest prokaryote

Answer 15

M GALLISEPTICUM

Question 16

JOKERS OF PLANT KINGDOM

Answer 16

PPLO

Question 17

Protista character

Answer 17

Unicellular, eukaryotic, some colonial
Aquatic mostly
80s cytoplasmic ribo
Flagella, cillia 9 +2  and tubulin protein
Ciliary motion is fastest

Question 18

Photosynthetic protists

Answer 18

Aka protistian algae
Major portion of phytoplankton
1 diatoms
2 dinoflagellas
3 euglenoids

Question 19

Diatoms

Answer 19

Aka CHRYSOPHYTES (diatoms + desmids)
Golden brown photosynthetic protists
Aquatic and terrestrial
Marine is much
Lacks flagella except reprodutive stage
Has silica shell called FRUSTULE wwhich is mined to get Diatomite
SOAP BOX like cell wall ( epitheca over hypotheca)
RESERVED FOOD: oil, leucosin
CHLORO A, C , BETA CAROTONINE, XANTHOPHYLL
50% of organic organic matter
Resting spore: STRATOSPORE
Isogamy to oogamy reproduction. Zygote is called AUXOSPORE
WATER POLLUTION INDICATORS
Eg, triceratium, melosira, navicula, cymbella

Question 20

DINOFLAGELLATES

Answer 20

WHIRLING WHIPS
golden brown
mostly marine
unicellular, motile, biflageted
armoured dino has theca/loriica which has more that 2 celluloose and pectin
FLAGELLAS ARE DIFF
CHLORO A, B,BETA, ALPHA CAROTONINE, XANTHOPHYLL
RESERVED FOOD: OIL CARBOHYDRATE
SOME GLOW DUE TO PRESENCE OF PHOSPHORESCENCE
some produce toxins like Saxitoxin, upon eating the ill fish humans get paralytic shell fish poisoining PSP
RED TIDEgonyaulax, gymnodinium

Question 21

EUGLENOID

Answer 21

unnicellular, flagellate
fresh water in stagnent
cell wall is replaced by elastic PELLICLE
flagella are locomotory organs
the area of union of 2 flagella has photosensitive paraflagellar body
stigma has photosensitive red orange pigments called astaxanthin
cholro a, chloro b, xantho, beta carotenine
RESERVED FOOD, PARAMYLON
during unfave cont PALMELLA STAGE and CYSTS

Question 22

SLIME MOULDS

Answer 22

consumer-decomposer protists
free living, 
naked protoplast
fruiting bodies like fungi
no chlorophyllduring vegitatative phase they have cell wall too
fungi + plant +animal

Question 23

nutrition in euglena

Answer 23

mixotropic type

Question 24

protozoans

Answer 24

unicellular org with hetrotropic nutrition
primitive relation of animals

pg 16 PHOTO

Question 25

FUNGI character:

Answer 25

``` COSMOPOLITAN, great diversity WARM, HUMID,ACIDIC CORTICOLOUS : BARK COPROPHILOUS : COW DUNG EPIXYLIC : WOOD XYLOPHILOUS : BURNT WOOD KERATINOPHILOUS : KERATIN ``` HAPLOID, THALLOID MULTICELLULAR [except yeast, synchytrium] cell wall of hyphae is CHITIN, FUNGAL CELLULOSE RESERVED FOOD: OIL, GLUCOGEN cells have unicisternal golgi bodies if whole fungi is made to reproductive stru: HOLOCARPIC If part of mycillium: EUCARPIC

Question 26

FUNGI GREPRO [ASEX]

Answer 26

``` 1 VEG 2. ASEX Spore was called MITOSPORES a) ZOOSPORE: Aquatic uniflagellate, biflagellate[ 1 PEAR SHAPED/PYRRIFORM at anterior AND 2. KIDNEY SHAPED/BEAN SHAPED] and NAKED UNINUCLEATE ``` b)SPORANGIOSPORE thin walled,non motile endogenously eg: Mucor, Rhizopus c) CONIDIA non motile, exogenous eg: aspergillus, penicillum d) CHLAMYDOSPORE thick wall prenntion struc eg: Rhizopus e) OIDIA: non motile, thin wall, sugar rich cond TORULA STAGE 3, SEXUAL

Question 27

FUNGI SEXUAL REP

Answer 27

``` 3 STEP PLASMOGAMY: 1) PLANOGAMETIC COPULATION/GAMETIC FUSION simplest form of sexual reproduction Both gamete are motile eg: allomyces [isogamy, anisogamy, oogamy] 2) GAMETANGIAL CONTACT fertilization tube They never fuse, losing their identity eg: pythium, Albugo (Oomycetes) 3) GAMETANGIAL COPULATION Complete fusion by dissolving common wall eg: Mucor, Rhizopus 4) SPERMATIZATION Produce Spemeta; non motile Gametes on Spermatospores (Hyphae)which is transferred to Basidiomycetes (NM Female) by air, water ,etc eg: Puccina 5) SOMATOGAMY Higher true fungi No formation of games Eg: Agaricum KARYOGAMY fusion of 2 nuclleiro form DIPlOID MEIOSIS A fungi forms fruiting bodies in which redivided to Haploid ```

Question 28

Fungi Class

Answer 28

Phyacoetes = Oomycetes and Zygomycetes Accomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteronycetes

Question 29

Oomycetes

Answer 29

THE ALGAL FUNGAI (Aquatic) Hyphal wall Vpcontains cellulose and Other Glycans Mycellium Is COENOCYTIC (Multinucleate, aseptate In aquatic it produces zoospore Zoospore have 2 laterally inserted different flagella (1 smooth/wiplaash 2 tinsel) Sex rep is by gametangial contact Site of meiosis is z Oospore Eg: Albugo Candida(a mustard cause rust of leaf disease) Phytophthora, saprolegnia, Pythium

Question 30

ZYGOMYCETES

Answer 30

``` TERESTRIAL CONJUGATION FUNGI CJITIN, COENOCYTIC, NON MOTILE sporangiospore sex rep Gametangial copulation/ conjugation MULTINUCLEATE, Zoospores site of meiosis ```