Biological Diversity

Question 1

Speciation

Answer 1

new species being developed through evolution

Question 2

Biological diversity

Answer 2

he variety of all living things

Question 3

Behavioral vs structural adaptations?

Answer 3

Behavioral adaptation (example only): Birds migrating south for the winter.
Structural adaptation (example only): A camel’s hump storing fat for energy.

Question 4

Biodiversity within species

Answer 4

number of different of living things within THAT species (i.e.for cats different color, fur coat, etc are all features that prove biodiversity)

Question 5

Biodiversity within community

Answer 5

• refers to different species living in that community

Question 6

Species

Answer 6

are living things that can make more living things and live within a certain area

Question 7

Abundance

Answer 7

refers to the quantity of something

Question 8

species abundance

Answer 8

how many numbers of individual organisms are there within species

Question 9

Parasitism

Answer 9

Where the parasite benefits from the host while the host is harmed (+,-)

Question 10

Commensalism

Answer 10

Where the parasite benefits while the host is not harmed (+,0)

Question 11

Mutualism

Answer 11

Where both the parasite and host benefit (+,+)

Question 12

heritability

Answer 12

ability to be inherited or passed on through generations (every organism has a specific number of chromosomes that it has all humans have 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes 23 from each parent)

Question 13

What is asexual reproduction?

Answer 13

• one parent
• the offspring will be genetically identical to their parent and it doesnt increase variation.

(Binary fission, spores, budding, and vegetative reproduction)

Question 14

What is sexual reproduction?

Answer 14

• 2 parents
  -DNA exchange; the offspring will have a unique combination of genes from both parents
• allows for variation to happen

Question 15

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 15

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 16

What are four different bases in DNA and what do they correspond with?

Answer 16

Thymine = adenine
Guanine = cytosine

Question 17

Explain each method of asexual reproduction

Answer 17

Binary fission; cell organism/ prokaryote divides in two (very quick process and single cell organisms do this or bacteria)

Spores; - fungi make spores - seeds that have complete number of chromosomes and then, these get spread out km’s out where conditions are favorable (Takes a few days)

Budding; simpler organisms develop an outgrowth and eventually, that outgrowth “buds” out or seprates itself (bacteria, yeast (fungi) and some plants and takes hours)

vegetative reproduction; new plant and main plant are genetically the same (mostly plants and vegetables)

Question 18

What are some advantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 18

• not relying on the other partner for their offspring
• in the case of budding, binary fission - simpler process - double the existing DNA and split –> faster process;
• can reach large population very quickly
• using less resources on reproduction

Question 19

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 19

• living things stick to the existing variation - cannot change that with 1 parent
• this type of reproduction relies on conditions in the environment to stay
• genetic variation is lacking - offspring always the original version of its ancestor
• lack of adaptability to the changing environment
• limited evolutionary potential - long term they lose to other living things that can increase their variation

Question 20

What is mitosis?

Answer 20

-a process where every cell will double its chromosomes

For example, every time a skin cell needs to double its chromosomes before splitting up into 2 skin cells

Question 21

What is meiosis?

Answer 21

process where gametes are created (gametes are initial sex cells that contain half the chromosomes of the organism)

this is important because it allows to maintain same number of chromosomes for the organism
23 chromosome from dad+ 23 chromosome from mom = 46 chromosomes (full human)

Question 22

Example of sexual reproduction strategies

Answer 22

Bacterial conjugation- when 2 bacteria in contact are able to share their DNA via plasmids (round bits of DNA)

Zygospores- spores that are produced by yeast (mold)

Question 23

Different between angiosperms and gymnosperms

Answer 23

angiosperms = make flowers to make seeds using pollinators

gymnosperms= make cones to get seeds

Question 24

Advantages of sexual reproduction

Answer 24

1)variety - this increases biodiversity within species; exchange of 2 sets of chromosomes - allows for variety to occur

2)allows to adapt to a changing environment

3)reduces the risk of genetic diseases * we will predict and discuss recessive disorders next week

4) increased survival = if species can adapt to a changing environment; it has a higher chance of surviving that change

Question 25

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

Answer 25

1) this takes time = species use lots of energy to exchange genetic information 2)resource and energy investment= species would use lots of its resources to make this happen (i.e. salmon - 1 year for it to get eggs, travel upstream and lay the eggs) 3)difficult to isolate = 4) most time in nature there is unpredictability of traits that will be passed on (i.e. farmers try to predict the offspring of their farms, sometimes they fail)

Question 26

What is artificial selection and selective breeding

Answer 26

when humans artificially select for traits in parents to ensure certain traits are being passed on to the young

Question 27

what is crossbreeding

Answer 27

in crossbreeding; individual genes/chromosomes are not manipulated by humans - these traits can be passed on to the next generation

Question 28

What is genetic engineering

Answer 28

geneticists manipulate genes by inserting them or cutting them out to ensure certain traits; is a direct manipulation of genes which are located inside the DNA which are located inside the chromosomes (GMO crops are all NOT sterile - they cannot pass on their characteristics to their offspring; however, companies patent these, so if you grow these w/t license due to cross breeding could be a lot of legal trouble)

Question 29

Why do humans use artificial selection

Answer 29

farmers select traits that are good for their farm (i.e. berry farm - size of the berries, sweetness of the berries, high yield)

Question 30

Whats a monomer

Answer 30

is a repeating unit within DNA and it is called Nucleotide

Question 31

How would the basic structure of a nucleotide look

Answer 31

check notes

Question 32

Parts of a flower and what they do

Answer 32

Stamen; male part of the flower - contains : anther and filament - makes pollen Anther; Produces pollen Filament; supports the anther Pistil; Female part - fertilization occurs here - Stigma, style, ovary Stigma; sticky part of the pistil and pollen sticks to it style; - ensure safe passage of gametes towards ovary (both male and female) Ovary; ovary contains ovules and it develops into a fruit - ovules - become seeds (grow here)