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biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

what are monomers

A

smaller units from which larger molecules are made

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2
Q

what are polymers

A

molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

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3
Q

name 3 monomers

A

nucleotides
amino acids
monosaccharides

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4
Q

what is a condensation reaction

A

A condensation reaction joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the elimination of a molecule of water.

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5
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction

A

A hydrolysis reaction breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involves the use of a water molecule.

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6
Q

what are monosaccharides

A

the monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made.

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7
Q

give 3 examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose, galactose and fructose

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8
Q

how is a glycosidic bond formed

A

by a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides

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9
Q

how is maltase formed

A

condensation reaction of two alpha glucose molecules

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10
Q

how is sucrose formed

A

condensation reaction between glucose and fructose

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11
Q

how is lactose formed

A

condensation reaction between glucose and galactose molecule

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12
Q

how is glycogen and starch formed

A

condensation of alpha glucose

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13
Q

how is cellulose formed

A

condensation of beta glucose

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14
Q

what is the structure of glycogen

A

very highly branched using 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
insoluble so it doesn’t affect water potential of cell
compact so much glucose stored in small space
alpha glucose so its used in respiration
very highly branched so many ends which allows for fast hydrolysis of glucose

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15
Q

what is the structure of cellulose

A

made of beta glucose
alternate beta glucose monomers are at 180 degrees to each other so it forms a straight chain molecule
use 1-4 glycosidic bonds
cellulose molecules line up next to each other and forms H bonds between the cellulose molecules to form microfibrils
individually H bonds are weak but many provide strength

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16
Q

what is starch made of

A

amylose and amylopectin

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17
Q

what is the structure of amylose

A

helix of alpha glucose monomers, stabilised by H bonds within the molecule
unbranched polysaccharide of alpha glucose
contains 1-4 glycosidic bonds
insoluble so it doesnt affect the water potential of the cell
compact so lots of glucose stored in a small space
made of alpha glucose which is used in respiration

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18
Q

what is the structure of amylopectin

A

branched molecule
contains 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
insoluble so it doesnt affect the water potential of the cell
compact so much glucose stored in a small space
alpha glucose which is used in respiration
branched so more ends can be hydrolysed faster

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19
Q

describe how you would test for the presence of starch in a sample

A

add iodine solution to sample, if starch is present solution turns from brown to blue-black

20
Q

describe how you would test for the presence of a reducing sugar in a sample

A

add Benedict’s solution to sample
boil test tube in a hot water bath
if reducing sugar is present, a brick red precipitate forms. If not, the solution remains blue.

21
Q

name two groups of lipids

A

triglycerides and phospholipids

22
Q

how are triglycerides formed

A

Triglycerides are formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.

23
Q

how is an Esther bond formed

A

A condensation reaction between glycerol and a fatty acid (RCOOH) forms an ester bond.

24
Q

what is the difference between triglycerides and phospholipids

A

In phospholipids, one of the fatty acids of a triglyceride is substituted by a phosphate-containing group.

25
Q

what is the main function of triglycerides

A

energy storage molecules

26
Q

how does the structure of triglycerides relate to their function

A

hydrocarbon tails of fatty acids mean bonds release lots of energy
insoluble in water means doesnt affect water potential of cell and forms droplets and separates layer of water

27
Q

describe phospholipid bilayer

A

hydrophilic heads facing the outside, as they are attracted by water and hydrophobic tails on inside as they are repelled by water

28
Q

describe test for lipids

A

add ethanol to sample, shake to mix and then add the mixture to a test tube of water. If lipids are present, a milky white emulsion will form and if no lipids present, the solution remains clear.

29
Q

what does a condensation reaction between two amino acids form

A

a peptide bond

30
Q

what is the primary structure

A

order of amino acids, which determines the shape of the protein

31
Q

what is the secondary structure

A

alpha helices and beta pleated sheets, with hydrogen bonds that stabilise the structure

32
Q

what is tertiary structure

A

further folding of polypeptide chain which forms 3D structure of protein and stabilised by bonds between R groups such as: H bonds, disulphide bonds, ionic bonds and hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions

33
Q

what is the quartenary structure

A

more than one polypeptide chain makes a protein eg haemoglobin

34
Q

what is the role of sodium and potassium ions

A

co transport of glucose and amino acids, nerve impulses and muscle contractions

35
Q

what is the role of magnesium ions

A

used to make chlorophyll

36
Q

what is the role of iron ions

A

in harm prosthetic group of haemoglobin in red blood cell

37
Q

what is the role of calcium ions

A

synapse functions, insulin release and enzyme cofactor

38
Q

what is the role of hydrogen and hydroxide ions

A

involved in pH: increase Hydrogen ions conc means lower pH and increase hydroxide ions conc means higher pH

39
Q

and is the role of hydrogen carbonate ions

A

CO2 transport in blood and pH control of blood

40
Q

what are the 5 properties of water

A

metabolite, high latent heat of vaporisation, polar solvent, cohesion and high specific heat capacity

41
Q

what is the effect of water being a polar solvent

A

metabolic reactions can occur because water is polar meaning it can dissolve any substance which is charged or slightly charged, making them available to take part in metabolic reactions

42
Q

what is the effect of cohesion

A

enables transport of substances and creates surface tension
transport of substances-water forms a continuous liquid column which doesnt break
surface tension- intermolecular H bonds greater than the attraction between surface water molecules

43
Q

what is the effect of high specific heat capacity

A

water acts as a temperature buffer and is therefore a suitable habitat because a lot of energy is required to increase/decrease the temperature of a volume of water which means temp remains stable- important for sea life and in humans temp in organisms is easily regulated

44
Q

what is the effect of high latent heat of vaporisation

A

water is a coolant- it takes a lot of energy to evaporate water which makes water evaporation a very efficient way for organisms to lose heat energy

45
Q

what is the effect of water being a metabolite

A

water involved in crucial biological reactions eg hydrolysis- splitting using water and condensation- forming a water molecule and making water

46
Q

what is the role of phosphate ions

A

phospholipids

Biology (14 decks)

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