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nucelotides Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

what is DNA and RNA

A

nucleic acids which are polymers

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2
Q

what are the monomers of DNA

A

nucleotides

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3
Q

What does DNA contain

A

deoxyribose
phosphate group
Bases: adenine guanine thymine and cytosine

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4
Q

what does RNA contain

A

nitrogenous bases adenine uracil cytosine guanine
ribose sugar
phosphate group

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5
Q

how do nucleotides join

A

phosphodiesther bond between phosphate group of one molecule and pentose sugar of other

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6
Q

what is the structure of RNA

A

contains bases uracil, adenine, cytosine and guanine
single stranded- made of one polynucleotide strand
smaller than DNA
less stable than DNA

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7
Q

what is the structure of DNA

A

double stranded
bases are complementary
hydrogen bonds between bases
forms ‘double helix’

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8
Q

how does DNA being a long molecule relate to its function

A

holds alot of information

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9
Q

how does DNA being double stranded relate to its function

A

both strands used as templates during DNA replication

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10
Q

how does helical structure relate to DNAs function

A

compact

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11
Q

how does sugar phosphate backbone relate to DNA function

A

provides chemical and physical protection of bases

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12
Q

how does complimentary base pairs relate to DNAS function

A

accurate DNA replication

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13
Q

how do weak hydrogen bonds (individual) relate to DNAs function

A

easily broken for replication

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14
Q

how do strong hydrogen bonds (collective) relate to DNAS function

A

stable molecule

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15
Q

how does base sequence relate to function of DNA

A

codes for primary structure of protein

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16
Q

compare structure of DNA vs RNA

A

DNA is longer whereas RNA is shorter
DNA is more stable (double stranded) whereas RNA less stable
DNA contains deoxyribose whereas RNA ribose only
DNA- ATCG whereas RNA- AUCG

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17
Q

what does ATP stand for

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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18
Q

what is the structure of atp

A

3 phosphate groups ribose and adenine

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19
Q

what happens when 3 phosphate groups are easily broken

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A

release large amounts of energy

20
Q

How is ATP made

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A

ADP and Pi react to form atp. It’s a condensation reaction, energy is required and ATP synthase is the enzyme involved

21
Q

how is ATP broken down

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A

ATP is broken down into ADP and Pi. Its a hydrolysis reaction, energy is released and ATP hydrolase is the enzyme involved

22
Q

what processes make ATP

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A

oxidative phosphorylation
photophosphorylation
substrate-level phosphorylation

23
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation

Study These Flashcards
A

addition of phosphate to ADP to make ATP

energy from electron transfer chain in aerobic respiration

24
Q

what is photophosphorylation

Study These Flashcards
A

energy from light in photosynthesis

25
what is substrate level phsophorylation
energy released from chemical reaction of phosphate ion donated by substrate
26
How is ATP used
provides energy for chemical reaction because phosphate ion added to substrate to make it more reactive Addition of phosphate to protein because causes a shape change and can then carry out its function
27
why is ATP useful as a molecule
single bond broken therefore immediate energy release small amount of energy released easy/rapid synthesis because only 1 bond formed soluble so diffuses around cell easily
28
when does DNA replication occur
during synthesis phase of cell cycle
29
What is the process of DNA replication
1. DNA helicase unzips DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds and this seperates DNA molecule into 2 seperate strands 2. Activated and free nucleotides join by complimentary base pairing to two template strands hydrogen bonds form between free nucleotides and each template strand 3. DNA polymerase joins sugar phosphate backbone by forming phosphodiesther bonds between nucleotides 4. semi-conservative replication: new DNA molecules made of 1 new and 1 original strand 5. each molecule forms a double helix
30
how does DNAs structure allow replication
double stranded so each strand acts as a template hydrogen bonds easily broken complementary base pairing holds strands together
31
How was the meselson-stahl experiment carried out
Grew e coli on 15N (heavy nitrogen) then transfered bacteria to 14N substrate0 Means that DNA replications now can only use 14N using ultracentrifugation the DNA from each subsequent replication can be seperated band reveals the mechanism
32
what is meant by DNA being universal
all cells have double helical DNA
33
what does DNA only code for
proteins
34
what is a code
sequence of DNA bases which are read as base triplets
35
what does each triplet code for
one amino acid which determines proteins primary structure
36
what is a gene
short length of DNA that codes for a polypeptide
37
what do proteins determine
characteristics of cells, tissues and organs, whole organisms
38
why is a genetic code universal
all organisms have DNA
39
why is a genetic code non-overlapping
each base is in only 1 base triplet
40
why is genetic code a triplet code
groups of 3 bases code for one amino acid
41
why is genetic code degenerate
each amino acid has at least one triplet code
42
what is mRNa
messenger RNA
43
what is tRNA
transfer RNA
44
what is the structure and function of mRNA
carries nucleotide message of a gene from DNA in nucleus out of nucleus to ribosome simple linear strand length of a gene (1000s nucleotides) has codons (sequences of 3 bases)
45
what is the structure and function of tRNA
carries specific amino acids to mRNA and ribosome so that amino acids can be put together in order dictated by mRNA clover leaf shape because forms H bonds with itself 80 nucleotides contains anticodons (3 nucleotides)
46
what is the process of transcription
1. DNA helicase unzips DNA- breaking H bonds 2. RNA polymerase enables binding of complementary RNA complimentary nucleotides to template strand and forms bonds in sugar phosphate backbone 3. mRNA synthesis finishes when stop triplet reached on DNA 4, mRNA splicing then occurs
47
what is splicing
Splicing removes introns and rejoins exons and exons can be rejoined in different orders to create different proteins

Biology (14 decks)

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