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Biological Molecules Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

What are the four classes of biomolecules?

A

Carbs
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

What is the main source of energy for biological function?

A

Carbohydrates

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3
Q

Name some functions for proteins

A

DNA replication
Cell Signaling
Metabolic Reactions
Enzymatic Reactions
Membrane Transport

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4
Q

These functions as membrane structure and high energy storage.

A

Lipids

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5
Q

What are macromolecules responsible for storage and transfer of genetic information.

A

Nucleic Acids

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6
Q

______ make up carbohydrates

A

Sugar

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7
Q

______ make up proteins

A

Amino Acids

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8
Q

________ make up lipids

A

Fatty Acids

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9
Q

_______ make up nucleic acids.

A

Nucleotides

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10
Q

What is the primary source of energy for the body through metabolism of ATP?

A

Carbohydrates

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11
Q

What is a one sugar unit called?
Two?
Multiple?

A

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

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12
Q

What are straight chain sugars that are easily broken down called)

What are sugar with branch chains called (more difficult to break).

A

Simple Sugar

Complex Sugar

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13
Q

What are fibers?

A

Complex Sugar

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14
Q

Classification of Carbohydrates are broken down into 3 portions. What are they?

A

Carbonyl Type (aldose or ketose)

Carbon Number (3,4,5,6)

Stereoisomer (last -OH group, D-right side all natural sugar or L-left side).

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15
Q

What is a Fischer Projection?

A

Open-form of the sugar
Vertical carbon chain

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16
Q

What is a Haworth Projection?

A

Close-form of the sugar
Last hydroxyl group cyclizes onto the carbonyl group to form a ring

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17
Q

If all stereocenters swap out we have an _______.

A

Enantiomer (mirror image)

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18
Q

If just one stereocenter swaps out we have a _________.

A

Diastereomer

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19
Q

What position is the alpha-anomer in?

What position is the beta-anomer in?

A

Down

Up

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20
Q

Fischer to Haworth
If -OH group is on the right, it is _______

If -OH group is on the left, it is _____

21
Q

What is the position of Carbon 1 when going from Fischer to Haworth?

Study These Flashcards
A

Either up (beta) or down (alpha).

22
Q

How is the bond formed when sugars are linked to each other?

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A

Glycosidic Bond

23
Q

What is the anomeric position?

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A

Carbon 1 of the Haworth projection, to the right of the ether group.

24
Q

What three things are needed for something to be considered an amino acid?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Amine
  2. Carboxylic Acid
  3. Side Chain (polar, NP, acidic, basic)
25
Amino acids are sensitive to _____
pH
26
Stereoisomers of Amino Acids Right side is ______ Left side is _______
Right is Dash (D) Left is Wedge (L) (all natural AA)
27
What side will indicate natural sugars? What side will indicate all natural AA?
All natural sugar is D (right) All natural AA is L (left/wedge)
28
What is a 3 carbon sugar called? 4 C? 5 C? 6 C?
Triose Tetrose Pentose Hexose
29
What is 2 amino acids called? 3 AA 4 AA More than 4, unbranched AA?
Dipeptide Tripeptide Tetrapeptide Polypeptide
30
What are the two ends of an amino acid?
N-terminus: beginning amine C-terminus: ending carboxylic acid
31
What is a peptide bond?
An amide bond.
32
How can you determine the number of residues an AA contains by counting peptide bonds?
If the structure is linear peptide bond + 1 = amino acid structure. If the structure is cyclic. The peptide bond = amino acid number.
33
What is a reside?
A single amino acid.
34
A peptide bond gives protein a well defined _________. Due to rotational hinderance.
Shape.
35
What is the primary structure?
The sequence of amino acids.
36
What is the fixed arrangement of the poly peptide backbone called? What are the two categories?
Secondary Structure. Alpha Helix (stabilized by intrAmolecular H-bonding) Beta Sheets (stabilized by intermolecular H-bonding)
37
What is the tertiary structure?
Unique 3D shape d/t folding.
38
What is the arrangement of multiple subunits into larger structure called? Multiple tertiary structures together.
Quaternary structure
39
Lipids have _______ solubility in aqueous environment.
Low
40
What are the 3 main functional area of lipids?
1. Energy storage 2. Membrane structure 3. Chemical signaling
41
What are the four structural types of lipids?
1. Fatty Acids. 2. Glycerides 3. Non-Glycerides 4. Complex
42
What are the two types of Fatty Acids?
1. Saturated (C-C) 2. Non-saturated (C=C), more naturally occurring
43
Large structures of lipids form hormone like biomolecules called________.
Eicosanoids
44
Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Thromboxanes are derived from a fatty acid called ________
Arachidonic Acid
45
This is a biomolecule with a 3 membrane glycerol backbone with n appended fatty acid. What is its role? What are the two types?
Glyceride Energy Storage-more energy per/gram than sugars Form lipid bilayers 1. Triglyceride (Neutral) 2. Phosphoglyceride (Ionic)
46
What are the three subtypes of non-glycerides?
1. Sphingolipids 2. Steroids 3. Waxes
47
_______ are bond to other molecules. The have two sub types: Liproprotein and Glycproteins.
Complex Lipids
48
What are glycolipids?
These are lipids that are bond to sugar, act as a site for viruses to enter cell.
49
What are examples of lipoproteins?
Chylomicrons- carry trigly from intestines to other tissues. VLDL- carry trigly from the liver. LDL- carry cholesterol to periphery HDL- carry cholesterol from periphery to liver

CHEMISTRY (4 decks)

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