Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CHEMISTRY > CHEMISTRY TEST 1 > Flashcards

CHEMISTRY TEST 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of chemistry?

A

Study of matter and the changes it undergoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the building blocks of matter?

A

Atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the components of the atom?

A

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What makes up the majority of the mass in an atom?

A

Protons and Neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are two or more atoms joined together in a specific arrangement?

A

Molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

If there is enough pressure, gas can be compressed into a ______.

A

Liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Matter can be classified into two groups. What are they?

A

Pure substances and Mixtures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pure substances have two groups, what are they?

A

Element (Fe)
Compound (NaCl)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mixtures can be _____ or ________

A

Homogenous (Air)
Heterogenous (Salad Dressing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Physical change can alter state or appearance, but not _________.

A

Composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name the phase changes and examples:
1. Solid to liquid
2. liquid to solid
3. liquid to gas
4. gas to liquid
5 gas to solid
6. solid to gas

A
  1. Melting
  2. Freezing
  3. Vaporization
  4. Condensation (dew, clouds)
  5. Deposition (frost)
  6. Sublimation (dry ice)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a Chemical Change?

A

Change that alters composition.
Atoms rearrange, creating different substance.
(ie: rusting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a Physical Change?

A

Property displayed by a substance that does not cause a change it’s composition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the nucleus of an atom consist of?

A

Protons and Neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Electrons are bound to the nucleus by _________.

A

Electromagnetic Forces (attraction of opposite charge)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Periodic Table:
What is are the rows called?
What are the columns called?

A

Rows: Period
Columns: Group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the Atomic Number (Z)?

A

Number of protons in an element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the Mass Number (A)?

A

Sum of protons + neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the average mass of an element based upon the mass of the isotopes that compose that element, weighted according to the natural abundance of each isotope?

A

Atomic Mass (amu)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is molar mass (g/mol)?

A

Mass of a given element divided by the amount of substance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Periodic Table Trends: Mass

A

Mass increases as you go down and to the left of the table.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Periodic Table Trends: Electronegativity and Ionization Energy

A

Increase as you go up and to the right.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which ones are smaller cations or anions?

A

Cations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion called?

A

Ionization energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the ability to attract electrons?

A

Electronegativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is an empirical formula?

A

Simplest whole number ratio of the atoms found in a compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is a molecular formula?

A

Exact number of each type of atom found in a compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a structural formula?

A

Molecular formula and exact manner in which those atoms are bound together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the difference between a atomic element and a molecular element?

A

Atomic elements exist in nature with single atoms as their basic unit.

Molecular elements exist in nature as molecules (polyatomic or diatomic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the difference between molecular compounds and ionic compounds?

A

Molecular compounds are composed of two or more nonmetals

Ionic compounds are composed of a metal and non metal. They can further be broken down as monoatomic or polyatomic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the four classes of biomolecules?

A

Carbs
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the main source of energy for biological function?

A

Carbohydrates

34
Q

Name some functions for proteins

A

DNA replication
Cell Signaling
Metabolic Reactions
Enzymatic Reactions
Membrane Transport

35
Q

These functions as membrane structure and high energy storage.

A

Lipids

36
Q

What are macromolecules responsible for storage and transfer of genetic information.

A

Nucleic Acids

37
Q

______ make up carbohydrates

A

Sugar

38
Q

______ make up proteins

A

Amino Acids

39
Q

________ make up lipids

A

Fatty Acids

40
Q

_______ make up nucleic acids.

A

Nucleotides

41
Q

What is the primary source of energy for the body through metabolism of ATP?

A

Carbohydrates

42
Q

What is a one sugar unit called?
Two?
Multiple?

A

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

43
Q

What are straight chain sugars that are easily broken down called)

What are sugar with branch chains called (more difficult to break).

A

Simple Sugar

Complex Sugar

44
Q

What are fibers?

A

Complex Sugar

45
Q

Classification of Carbohydrates are broken down into 3 portions. What are they?

A

Carbonyl Type (aldose or ketose)

Carbon Number (3,4,5,6)

Stereoisomer (last -OH group, D-right side all natural sugar or L-left side).

46
Q

What is a Fischer Projection?

A

Open-form of the sugar
Vertical carbon chain

47
Q

What is a Haworth Projection?

A

Close-form of the sugar
Last hydroxyl group cyclizes onto the carbonyl group to form a ring

48
Q

If all stereocenters swap out we have an _______.

A

Enantiomer (mirror image)

49
Q

If just one stereocenter swaps out we have a _________.

A

Diastereomer

50
Q

What position is the alpha-anomer in?

What position is the beta-anomer in?

A

Down

Up

51
Q

Fischer to Haworth
If -OH group is on the right, it is _______

If -OH group is on the left, it is _____

A

Down

UP

52
Q

What is the position of Carbon 1 when going from Fischer to Haworth?

A

Either up (beta) or down (alpha).

53
Q

How is the bond formed when sugars are linked to each other?

A

Glycosidic Bond

54
Q

What is the anomeric position?

A

Carbon 1 of the Haworth projection, to the right of the ether group.

55
Q

What three things are needed for something to be considered an amino acid?

A
  1. Amine
  2. Carboxylic Acid
  3. Side Chain (polar, NP, acidic, basic)
56
Q

Amino acids are sensitive to _____

A

pH

57
Q

Stereoisomers of Amino Acids
Right side is ______
Left side is _______

A

Right is Dash (D)

Left is Wedge (L) (all natural AA)

58
Q

What side will indicate natural sugars?

What side will indicate all natural AA?

A

All natural sugar is D (right)

All natural AA is L (left/wedge)

59
Q

What is a 3 carbon sugar called?
4 C?
5 C?
6 C?

A

Triose

Tetrose

Pentose

Hexose

60
Q

What is 2 amino acids called?
3 AA
4 AA
More than 4, unbranched AA?

A

Dipeptide

Tripeptide

Tetrapeptide

Polypeptide

61
Q

What are the two ends of an amino acid?

A

N-terminus: beginning amine

C-terminus: ending carboxylic acid

62
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

An amide bond.

63
Q

How can you determine the number of residues an AA contains by counting peptide bonds?

A

If the structure is linear peptide bond + 1 = amino acid structure.

If the structure is cyclic. The peptide bond = amino acid number.

64
Q

What is a reside?

A

A single amino acid.

65
Q

A peptide bond gives protein a well defined _________. Due to rotational hinderance.

A

Shape.

66
Q

What is the primary structure?

A

The sequence of amino acids.

67
Q

What is the fixed arrangement of the poly peptide backbone called?

What are the two categories?

A

Secondary Structure.

Alpha Helix (stabilized by intrAmolecular H-bonding)
Beta Sheets (stabilized by intermolecular H-bonding)

68
Q

What is the tertiary structure?

A

Unique 3D shape d/t folding.

69
Q

What is the arrangement of multiple subunits into larger structure called? Multiple tertiary structures together.

A

Quaternary structure

70
Q

Lipids have _______ solubility in aqueous environment.

A

Low

71
Q

What are the 3 main functional area of lipids?

A
  1. Energy storage
  2. Membrane structure
  3. Chemical signaling
72
Q

What are the four structural types of lipids?

A
  1. Fatty Acids.
  2. Glycerides
  3. Non-Glycerides
  4. Complex
73
Q

What are the two types of Fatty Acids?

A
  1. Saturated (C-C)
  2. Non-saturated (C=C), more naturally occurring
74
Q

Large structures of lipids form hormone like biomolecules called________.

A

Eicosanoids

75
Q

Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Thromboxanes are derived from a fatty acid called ________

A

Arachidonic Acid

76
Q

This is a biomolecule with a 3 membrane glycerol backbone with n appended fatty acid.

What is its role?

What are the two types?

A

Glyceride

Energy Storage-more energy per/gram than sugars
Form lipid bilayers

  1. Triglyceride (Neutral)
  2. Phosphoglyceride (Ionic)
77
Q

What are the three subtypes of non-glycerides?

A
  1. Sphingolipids
  2. Steroids
  3. Waxes
78
Q

_______ are bond to other molecules. The have two sub types: Liproprotein and Glycproteins.

A

Complex Lipids

79
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

These are lipids that are bond to sugar, act as a site for viruses to enter cell.

80
Q

What are examples of lipoproteins?

A

Chylomicrons- carry trigly from intestines to other tissues.

VLDL- carry trigly from the liver.

LDL- carry cholesterol to periphery

HDL- carry cholesterol from periphery to liver

CHEMISTRY (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions