CHEMISTRY TEST 1 Flashcards by Andy Cheng

What is the definition of chemistry?

Study of matter and the changes it undergoes

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What is matter?

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

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What are the building blocks of matter?

Atoms

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What are the components of the atom?

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

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What makes up the majority of the mass in an atom?

Protons and Neutrons

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What are two or more atoms joined together in a specific arrangement?

Molecule

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If there is enough pressure, gas can be compressed into a ______.

Liquid

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Matter can be classified into two groups. What are they?

Pure substances and Mixtures

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Pure substances have two groups, what are they?

Element (Fe)
Compound (NaCl)

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Mixtures can be _____ or ________

Homogenous (Air)
Heterogenous (Salad Dressing)

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Physical change can alter state or appearance, but not _________.

Composition

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Name the phase changes and examples:
1. Solid to liquid
2. liquid to solid
3. liquid to gas
4. gas to liquid
5 gas to solid
6. solid to gas

Melting
Freezing
Vaporization
Condensation (dew, clouds)
Deposition (frost)
Sublimation (dry ice)

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What is a Chemical Change?

Change that alters composition.
Atoms rearrange, creating different substance.
(ie: rusting)

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What is a Physical Change?

Property displayed by a substance that does not cause a change it’s composition.

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What is the nucleus of an atom consist of?

Protons and Neutrons

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Electrons are bound to the nucleus by _________.

Electromagnetic Forces (attraction of opposite charge)

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Periodic Table:
What is are the rows called?
What are the columns called?

Rows: Period
Columns: Group

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What is the Atomic Number (Z)?

Number of protons in an element

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What is the Mass Number (A)?

Sum of protons + neutrons

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What is the average mass of an element based upon the mass of the isotopes that compose that element, weighted according to the natural abundance of each isotope?

Atomic Mass (amu)

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What is molar mass (g/mol)?

Mass of a given element divided by the amount of substance.

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Periodic Table Trends: Mass

Mass increases as you go down and to the left of the table.

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Periodic Table Trends: Electronegativity and Ionization Energy

Increase as you go up and to the right.

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Which ones are smaller cations or anions?

Cations

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What is energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion called?

Ionization energy

What is the ability to attract electrons?

Electronegativity

What is an empirical formula?

Simplest whole number ratio of the atoms found in a compound

What is a molecular formula?

Exact number of each type of atom found in a compound

What is a structural formula?

Molecular formula and exact manner in which those atoms are bound together.

What is the difference between a atomic element and a molecular element?

Atomic elements exist in nature with single atoms as their basic unit. Molecular elements exist in nature as molecules (polyatomic or diatomic)

What is the difference between molecular compounds and ionic compounds?

Molecular compounds are composed of two or more nonmetals Ionic compounds are composed of a metal and non metal. They can further be broken down as monoatomic or polyatomic.

What are the four classes of biomolecules?

Carbs Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

What is the main source of energy for biological function?

Carbohydrates

Name some functions for proteins

DNA replication Cell Signaling Metabolic Reactions Enzymatic Reactions Membrane Transport

These functions as membrane structure and high energy storage.

Lipids

What are macromolecules responsible for storage and transfer of genetic information.

Nucleic Acids

______ make up carbohydrates

Sugar

______ make up proteins

Amino Acids

________ make up lipids

Fatty Acids

_______ make up nucleic acids.

Nucleotides

What is the primary source of energy for the body through metabolism of ATP?

Carbohydrates

What is a one sugar unit called? Two? Multiple?

Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

What are straight chain sugars that are easily broken down called) What are sugar with branch chains called (more difficult to break).

Simple Sugar Complex Sugar

What are fibers?

Complex Sugar

Classification of Carbohydrates are broken down into 3 portions. What are they?

Carbonyl Type (aldose or ketose) Carbon Number (3,4,5,6) Stereoisomer (last -OH group, D-right side all natural sugar or L-left side).

What is a Fischer Projection?

Open-form of the sugar Vertical carbon chain

What is a Haworth Projection?

Close-form of the sugar Last hydroxyl group cyclizes onto the carbonyl group to form a ring

If all stereocenters swap out we have an _______.

Enantiomer (mirror image)

If just one stereocenter swaps out we have a _________.

Diastereomer

What position is the alpha-anomer in? What position is the beta-anomer in?

Down Up

Fischer to Haworth If -OH group is on the right, it is _______ If -OH group is on the left, it is _____

Down UP

What is the position of Carbon 1 when going from Fischer to Haworth?

Either up (beta) or down (alpha).

How is the bond formed when sugars are linked to each other?

Glycosidic Bond

What is the anomeric position?

Carbon 1 of the Haworth projection, to the right of the ether group.

What three things are needed for something to be considered an amino acid?

1. Amine 2. Carboxylic Acid 3. Side Chain (polar, NP, acidic, basic)

Amino acids are sensitive to _____

Stereoisomers of Amino Acids Right side is ______ Left side is _______

Right is Dash (D) Left is Wedge (L) (all natural AA)

What side will indicate natural sugars? What side will indicate all natural AA?

All natural sugar is D (right) All natural AA is L (left/wedge)

What is a 3 carbon sugar called? 4 C? 5 C? 6 C?

Triose Tetrose Pentose Hexose

What is 2 amino acids called? 3 AA 4 AA More than 4, unbranched AA?

Dipeptide Tripeptide Tetrapeptide Polypeptide

What are the two ends of an amino acid?

N-terminus: beginning amine C-terminus: ending carboxylic acid

What is a peptide bond?

An amide bond.

How can you determine the number of residues an AA contains by counting peptide bonds?

If the structure is linear peptide bond + 1 = amino acid structure. If the structure is cyclic. The peptide bond = amino acid number.

What is a reside?

A single amino acid.

A peptide bond gives protein a well defined _________. Due to rotational hinderance.

Shape.

What is the primary structure?

The sequence of amino acids.

What is the fixed arrangement of the poly peptide backbone called? What are the two categories?

Secondary Structure. Alpha Helix (stabilized by intrAmolecular H-bonding) Beta Sheets (stabilized by intermolecular H-bonding)

What is the tertiary structure?

Unique 3D shape d/t folding.

What is the arrangement of multiple subunits into larger structure called? Multiple tertiary structures together.

Quaternary structure

Lipids have _______ solubility in aqueous environment.

Low

What are the 3 main functional area of lipids?

1. Energy storage 2. Membrane structure 3. Chemical signaling

What are the four structural types of lipids?

1. Fatty Acids. 2. Glycerides 3. Non-Glycerides 4. Complex

What are the two types of Fatty Acids?

1. Saturated (C-C) 2. Non-saturated (C=C), more naturally occurring

Large structures of lipids form hormone like biomolecules called________.

Eicosanoids

Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Thromboxanes are derived from a fatty acid called ________

Arachidonic Acid

This is a biomolecule with a 3 membrane glycerol backbone with n appended fatty acid. What is its role? What are the two types?

Glyceride Energy Storage-more energy per/gram than sugars Form lipid bilayers 1. Triglyceride (Neutral) 2. Phosphoglyceride (Ionic)

What are the three subtypes of non-glycerides?

1. Sphingolipids 2. Steroids 3. Waxes

_______ are bond to other molecules. The have two sub types: Liproprotein and Glycproteins.

Complex Lipids

What are glycolipids?

These are lipids that are bond to sugar, act as a site for viruses to enter cell.

What are examples of lipoproteins?

Chylomicrons- carry trigly from intestines to other tissues. VLDL- carry trigly from the liver. LDL- carry cholesterol to periphery HDL- carry cholesterol from periphery to liver

CHEMISTRY TEST 1 Flashcards

(80 cards)