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Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two main types of nucleic acids?

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) + deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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2
Q

What are 3 components that make up individual nucleotides

A

A pentose sugar, a phosphate group and an organic base

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3
Q

What type of reactions joins the pentose sugar, phosphate group and a organic bases to form a nucleotide

A

Condensation reaction

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4
Q

What is the bond formed between two mononucleotides called?

A

Phosphodiester bond

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5
Q

What is the long chain of mono nucleotides called

A

Poly nucleotides

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6
Q

What pentose sugar is found in RNA?

A

Ribose

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7
Q

What organic bases are found in RNA?

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.

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8
Q

What pentose sugar is found in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose.

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9
Q

What organic bases are found in DNA?

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.

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10
Q

How are the two strands of DNA joined together?

A

By hydrogen bonds between certain bases

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11
Q

Which bases pair together in DNA

A

Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine.

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12
Q

What is meant when adenine is described as complementary to thymine?

A

They always pair together.

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13
Q

Describe the shape of the DNA molecule.

A

A double helix formed by two polynucleotide chains twisted around each other

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14
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Division of the nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei.

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15
Q

How many divisions occur in mitosis?

A

One division.

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16
Q

How many daughter cells are produced in mitosis?

A

Two daughter cells.

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17
Q

Are daughter cells in mitosis genetically different?

A

No, they are genetically identical to the parent cell.

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18
Q

What are the four main stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

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19
Q

What follows telophase in mitosis?

A

Cytokinesis – the actual division of the cell.

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20
Q

What is the chromosome number in cells produced by mitosis?

A

Diploid (2n) – same as the parent cell.

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21
Q

What is the significance of mitosis for growth?

A

It produces genetically identical cells, allowing consistent growth across an organism.

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22
Q

Where does mitosis occur in plants?

A

In specific regions called meristems, e.g., behind the root tip.

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23
Q

How does mitosis help with tissue repair?

A

It replaces damaged cells with genetically identical ones.

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24
Q

How is mitosis involved in asexual reproduction?

A

It transfers genetic material from parent to offspring, producing genetically identical clones.

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25
What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction via mitosis?
Lack of genetic variation can cause genetic faults.
26
How can mitosis be advantageous in bacteria?
It allows rapid reproduction under optimal conditions, although it may spread antibiotic resistance.
27
What is an example of a plant using mitosis for reproduction?
Strawberry runners reproduce the whole plant body by mitosis.
28
How is mitosis useful in biotechnology?
It enables production of monoclonal antibodies and genetically identical cells for genetic engineering, e.g., insulin production.
29
What happens during prophase
Shortening and thickening of chromatin and becomes visible and nuclear envelope disappears
30
What happens during metaphase
Chromosomes line up along the equator Centrioles produce spindle fibres that attach to centromere
31
What happens during anaphase
Spindles contract Centromere splits One of each chromatid goes to either pole
32
What happens during telophase
Chromatin lengthens and gets thinner and appears Cytoplasm and organelles split Nuclear envelope appears and folds inwards
33
Why do cells divide?
For tissue repair, growth of multicellular organisms, keeping cells small for efficiency, and reproduction in unicellular organisms.
34
What is the cell cycle?
The life cycle of a cell, including interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
35
What happens during interphase?
Cell grows (G1), DNA replicates (S), and organelles duplicate (G2); nucleus is visible.
36
How is DNA packaged into chromosomes?
DNA wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which coil into chromatin, and supercoil into chromosomes.
37
What are sister chromatids?
Two identical copies of a chromosome joined by a centromere, formed during DNA replication.
38
What is the centromere?
The region where two sister chromatids are joined and where spindle fibers attach during mitosis.
39
What is cytokinesis?
Division of the cytoplasm and organelles, resulting in two separate daughter cells.
40
What happens in late interphase (G2)?
Chromosomes are replicated, centrosomes are visible, and the cell prepares for mitosis.
41
What is a cell plate?
A structure in plant cells that forms during telophase to separate the two daughter cells.
42
What is the end product of mitosis and cytokinesis?
Two genetically identical daughter cells.
43
Do all cells divide after mitosis?
No, some cells like nerve and muscle cells do not divide again.
44
Where does transcription occur?
In the nucleus.
45
What enzyme separates the two DNA strands during transcription?
RNA polymerase.
46
What happens inside the transcription bubble?
RNA nucleotides pair with exposed bases on the DNA template strand.
47
What strand does RNA polymerase use during transcription?
The template strand of DNA.
48
What is the complementary base for adenine in RNA?
Uracil (U).
49
What is the product of transcription?
A single-stranded mRNA molecule.
50
How does mRNA leave the nucleus?
Through nuclear pores.
51
Where does mRNA go after leaving the nucleus?
To a ribosome in the cytoplasm or on the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
52
Where does translation occur?
In the cytoplasm.
53
What structures read the mRNA during translation?
Ribosomes.
54
What are the three-base sequences on mRNA called?
Codons.
55
What molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome?
tRNA (transfer RNA).
56
What does the anticodon on tRNA do?
It pairs with a complementary codon on the mRNA.
57
What type of bond forms between amino acids?
Peptide bonds.
58
What happens when the ribosome reaches a stop codon?
Translation stops and the polypeptide is released.
59
What codon usually signals the start of translation?
AUG.
60
What does DNA stand for and what is its structure?
Deoxyribonucleic acid; a double-stranded helix.
61
What is mRNA’s structure and role?
linear and carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes.
62
What is tRNA’s structure and role?
Cloverleaf structure; brings specific amino acids to the ribosome.
63
What is rRNA’s role?
Forms the structural and functional core of the ribosome.
64
What happens to proteins after translation?
They may undergo post-translational modifications (PTMs).
65
Name three types of post-translational modifications (PTMs).
Phosphorylation, methylation, glycosylation.
66
What is phosphorylation?
The addition of phosphate groups to proteins.
67
What is methylation?
The addition of methyl groups to proteins.
68
What is glycosylation?
The addition of carbohydrate (sugar) groups to proteins.
69
What is the role of start and stop codons?
Start codons initiate translation; stop codons end translation.
70
How does the ribosome ensure the correct sequence of amino acids?
By matching codons on mRNA with anticodons on tRNA.
71
How is the polypeptide chain formed?
By joining amino acids with peptide bonds in the order specified by mRNA.
72
Why is RNA polymerase important in transcription?
It creates the mRNA strand by joining RNA nucleotides together.
73
What is the main difference between DNA and RNA nucleotides?
RNA has uracil (U) instead of thymine (T).
74
Why must mRNA be single-stranded?
So it can be easily read by ribosomes during translation.
75
What is the fixed position occupied by a gene on a DNA molecule
Locus
76
How is a gene a code for the production of a polypeptide
Because the base triplet sequence determines the order of the amino acids primary structure in the polypeptide
77
What is an exon
A base triplet sequence coding for polypeptides primary structure
78
How is a phosphodiestee bond formed between two nucleotides within a DNA molecule
A condensation reaction between a phosphate and a deoxyribose
79
What are 3 differences between DNA in the nucleus of a plant cell and DNA of a prokaryotic cell
Plant DNA is associated with histones however no histone protein in a prokaryotic cell Plant cells DNA is linear whereasprokaryotic DNA is circular plants DNA is longer in plant cells whereas DNA is shorter in prokaryotic
80
How could a mutation in a polypeptide gene not cause a change in the structure
If the triplet code for the same amino acids If it occurs in a non coding sequence
81
What are similarities of DNA in eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells
Nucleotide structure is identical Nucleotides are joined by phosphodiester bonds
82
What is a homologous pair of chromosomes
Two chromosomes that carry the same genes
83
How is one amino acid added to a polypeptide that is being formed at the ribosome during translation
tRNA brings specific amino acid to ribosome anticodon binds to codon amino acids join by condensation reaction
84
How mRNA is produced from an exposed template strand of DNA
Nucleotides form complementary base pairs phosphodiester bond form by RNA polymerase
85
How is mRNA is formed by transcription in eukryotes
Hydrogen between DNA bases break Only one DNA strand acts as a template Free RNA nucleotides align by complementary base pairing Uracil is used in place of thymine RNA polymerase joins nucleotides by phosphodiester bonds
86
How is a polypeptide formed by translation of mRNA
mRNA attaches to ribosome tRNA anticodon bonds to complementary mRNA codons tRNA brings a specific amino acid Amino acid is joined by peptide bonds with the use of ATP tRNA is released
87
Starting with mRNA in the cytoplasm describe how translation leads to the production of a polypeptide
mRNA associates with ribosomes Ribosome moves to find start codon tRNA carries speciofc amino acid Anti codon of tRNA complementary to codon of mRNA ribosome moves along to next codon
88
What is the proteome of a cell
Number of different proteins that a cell is able to produce
89
How is mRNA produced in a plant cell
DNA strand separates by breaking H bonds Only template strand is used complementary base pairings Nucleotides form by RNA polymerase Pre mRNA is formed introns removed to form mRNA
90
Give two types of molecule from which a ribosome is made
Robsomal RNA + deoxyribonucleic acid
91
What is the role of a ribosome in the production of a polypeptide
mRNA binds to ribosome formation of peptide binds between amino acids Move along mRNA to next codon

Biology Flashcards 🧬🧪🥳 (3 decks)

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