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Question 1

What are the 4 main types of blood vessels?

Answer 1

Artery, arteriole, capillary and veins

Question 2

What do arterioles do?

Answer 2

They transport blood from arteries to capillaries

Question 3

Why do arteries have a thick muscle layer?

Answer 3

So it can contract and relax to control blood flow

Question 4

Why do arteries have a thick elastic layer

Answer 4

So it can stretch and recoil to maintain high blood pressure

Question 5

Why do arteries have a thick arterial wall

Answer 5

Prevents bursting from high pressure

Question 6

Why do arterioles have a thick muscular layer

Answer 6

Contracts to reduce blood flow into capillaries

Question 7

Why do arterioles have a thin elastic layer

Answer 7

They don’t need to maintain a high blood pressure

Question 8

Why do veins have a thin muscle layer

Answer 8

Blood flow doesn’t need to be controlled

Question 9

Why do veins have a relatively thin elastic layer

Answer 9

Only low blood pressure is needed

Question 10

What do veins have that arteries and arterioles don’t don’t have

Answer 10

Valves to prevent blood flowing backwards

Question 11

How are capillaries structured

Answer 11

Only have a lining layer and a lumen

Question 12

Why do capillaries have a thin lining layer and narrow lumen

Answer 12

Provided a short diffusion distance

Question 13

Q: What type of blood does the pulmonary vein carry, and where does it transport it?

Answer 13

A: The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

Question 14

Q: What type of blood does the pulmonary artery carry, and where does it transport it?

Answer 14

A: The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for gas exchange.

Question 15

Q: What is the function of the vena cava?

Answer 15

A: The vena cava transports deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.

Question 16

Q: What is the role of the aorta in blood circulation?

Answer 16

A: The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

Question 17

Q: What is the function of the renal artery?

Answer 17

A: The renal artery carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys for filtration.

Question 18

Q: What does the renal vein do?

Answer 18

A: The renal vein carries deoxygenated blood from the kidneys back to the heart via the vena cava.

Question 19

Q: What is the main difference between arteries and veins in terms of oxygen content?

Answer 19

A: Arteries (except the pulmonary artery) usually carry oxygenated blood, while veins (except the pulmonary vein) carry deoxygenated blood.

Question 20

What is tissue fluid

Answer 20

A liquid surrounding cells which contains a range of substances such as water glucose and ions
Controls the exchange of substances between the blood and cells

Question 21

What causes tissue fluid formation?

Answer 21

High hydrostatic pressure at the arteriole end of the capillary forces plasma and small molecules out of the blood into surrounding tissues, forming tissue fluid.

Question 22

What remains in the capillaries after tissue fluid is formed?

Answer 22

Large molecules like proteins and red blood cells remain in the capillaries because they are too large to pass through the capillary walls.

Question 23

Why does tissue fluid return to the capillaries at the venule end?

Answer 23

The hydrostatic pressure is lower at the venule end, and water moves back into the capillaries by osmosis, due to the high solute concentration in the blood.

Question 24

What role does osmosis play in tissue fluid return?

Answer 24

The water potential in the capillaries is lower than in the surrounding tissue fluid, so water moves back into the capillaries by osmosis.

Question 25

What happens to excess tissue fluid that does not return to the capillaries?

Answer 25

Excess tissue fluid is drained into the **lymphatic system**, which eventually returns it to the bloodstream.

Question 26

How does the lymphatic system help maintain fluid balance?

Answer 26

The **lymphatic system** collects excess tissue fluid, filters it through lymph nodes, and returns it to the **circulatory system** via the **subclavian vein**.

Question 27

What happens if tissue fluid is not drained properly?

Answer 27

A buildup of tissue fluid can cause **swelling (edema)**, which may occur due to **blocked lymph vessels or high blood pressure**.

Question 28

What is the difference between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure in tissue fluid movement?

Answer 28

- **Hydrostatic pressure** pushes fluid **out** of the capillaries at the arteriole end. - **Osmotic pressure** pulls fluid **back in** at the venule end due to the concentration of plasma proteins.