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Biological Molecules Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

What’s a monomer ?

A

Small repeating units that form larger molecules called polymers

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2
Q

What’s a polymer ?

A

Large number of monomers (3 or more) joined together

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3
Q

Give examples monosaccharides:

A

glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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4
Q

Give examples of disaccharides:

A

Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

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5
Q

Give examples of polysaccharides:

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

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6
Q

What a condensation reaction ?

A

Joins monomers together to form dimers and polymers

Involves removal of water molecule and a form of a chemical bond

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7
Q

What’s a hydrolysis reaction ?

A

Breaks down polymers and dimers into monomers

Involves adding a water molecule and removing a chemical bond

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8
Q

What are the two isomers of glucose ?

A

Alpha and beta

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9
Q

What bond forms between two monosaccharides ?

A

Glycosidic bond

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10
Q

What do glucose and glucose make ?

A

Maltose

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11
Q

What does glucose and galactose make ?

A

Lactose

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12
Q

What does glucose and fructose make ?

A

Sucrose

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13
Q

What’re the characteristics of starch ?

A
  • Has alpha 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bond
  • Insoluble so has no affect on osmosis and water potential
  • Helical shape so compact good for energy storage
  • Monomer is alpha glucose provide for respiration
  • Branches structure allowing fats enzyme action
  • large molecule so won’t pass through cell surface membrane
  • made of carbon hydrogen and oxygen
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14
Q

What are the characteristics of glycogen ?

A
  • Polymer of alpha glucose
  • made of carbon hydrogen and oxygen
  • insoluble so has no affect on osmosis and water potential
  • helical shape so compact so good for energy storage
  • branched ends for fast enzyme action
  • alpha 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
  • large molecule so can’t pass through cell membrane
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15
Q

What are the characteristic of cellulose ?

A
  • polymer of beta glucose
  • long straight chains of beta glucose held by glycosidic bonds
  • repeat chains held by hydrogen bonds
  • creates structure called microfibrils
  • this provides strength and support
  • each adjacent molecule roasted 180 degrees to form chain
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16
Q

How to test for reducing sugar ?

A

Add equal anyone of Benedict’s solution to sample

Heat to 95 degrees

Brick red precipitate forms if present

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17
Q

How to test for non reducing sugar ?

A

Boil sample with HCl for 5 min
Neutralise by adding alkali
Then add equal amount of Benedict’s solution and heat to 95 degrees and brick red precipitate forms

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18
Q

How to test for unknown concentration ?

A

Make several conc of reducing sugars
Carry out Benedict’s test
Use colorimeter and measure absorbance
Plot calibration curve
Do benedic test on unknown
Use the reading to interpolate from calibration curve

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19
Q

How can Benedict’s test be quantified. ?

A

Use colorimeter to measure absorbance of substance

Filter solution and find mass of precipitate

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20
Q

What are the properties of lipids ?

A

Made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Insoluble in water
Soluble in alcohol (organic solvent)
Proportion of hydrogen-oxygen is less than carbs

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21
Q

What’s the role of lipids ?

A

Make up cell surface membrane
Source of energy
Insulation
Protection
Waterproofing

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of a triglyceride ?

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Concentration reaction between glycerol and fatty acids form 3 ester bonds
R group represent hydrocarbon chain

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23
Q

What’s a saturated fatty acid ?

A

No double bond between carbons

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24
Q

What’s an unsaturated fatty acids ?

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A

Double bonds between carbons causing there to be a dent in the chain

25
What are the properties of a triglyceride ?
Hydrophobic / non polar Lots of energy c-h to c-c Good for energy storage because has low energy to mass ratio High ratio of hydrogen to oxygen so has good water supply
26
What are the characteristics of a phospholipid ?
1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate 2 ester bonds formed Phospholipid head is charged = hydrophilic Phospholipid tail isn’t charged = hydrophobic Hydrophilic head attracts to water so faces outwards and hydrophobic tail repel water so faces inwards forming bilayer
27
What’re the properties of water ?
METABOLITE: allow metabolic relations to occur SOLVENT: allow metabolic reactions to occur and transport of substances HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY: this ‘buffers’ changes in temp (maintain core body temp) LARGE LATENT HEAT OF VAPOURISATION: provides a cooling effect (through evaporation) COHESION: forms continuous columns of water (needed to move water up xylem), provides surface tension to support small organisms
28
What’re the characteristics of protien ?
Polymer of amino acid Contains carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and some contain sulphur 20 diff amino acids
29
What is the bond form between two amino acids ?
Peptide bond forms between H of amine group on one amino acid and OH of carboxyl group and another amino acid
30
What are the structure of a protein ?
PRIMARY: number and sequence of amino acids which determine positions of bonds SECONDARY: hydrogen bonds between amino acids form alpha helixes or beta pleated sheets TERTIARY: interaction of bonds (ionic, hydrogen, disulphide bridges) between R groups of diff amino acids QUATERNARY: more than 1 polypeptide chain
31
How do proteins denature ?
High temp causes bonds to break in tertiary structure Change in pH disrupts ionic bonds in tertiary structure
32
How to test for proteins ?
Add equal volume sample and biuret solution in test tube Purple/violet colour will form if present Stay blue if not present
33
What’s. Catalyst ?
Something that’s speedss up chemical reaction rate and remains unchanged by reaction
34
How do enzyme speed up rate of reaction ?
Lower activation energy by putting pressure on bonds and bending them in the substrate during formation of enzyme substrate complexes which allows reaction to occur at lower temp therefore lower activation energy
35
What’re the characteristics of an enzyme ?
Has specific territory structure 3D structure Has active site Rest of enzyme holds active site in correct shape via hydrogen, ionic and disulphide bonds Active site is unique and complimentary to one substrate
36
What’s the step by step of inducing fit model ?
-Active site no complimentary to substrate initially -Substrate enters active site and induces a change in shape to make it more complimentary - this stresses and bends bonds in substrate lowering activation energy - products leave active site and then active site goes back to original shape
37
What are the factors that affect enzyme reaction ?
Temperature pH Inhibitors Enzyme conc Substrate conc
38
What are competitive inhibitors ?
Similar shape to substrate Bind to active site Block substrate from entering active site Preventing enzyme substrate complexes being formed Rescuing rate of reaction Can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration
39
What are non competitive inhibitors ?
Not similar to substrate Bind to allosteric site which changes shape of active site Making it no longer complimentary for substrates Preventing enzyme substrate complexes being formed Reducing rate of reaction Has no way to prevent it
40
What’s RNA ?
Ribonucleic acid ( transfer genetic info) Polymer of nucleotides
41
What’s DNA ?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (holds genetic info) Polymer of nucleotides
42
What’s the structure of a nucleotide ?
Phosphate group Penrose sugar Nitrogen containing base
43
What makes up DNA nucleotide ?
Phosphate group Deoxyribose (Pentose sugar) Nitrogen containing bases (adenine, THYMINE, guanine and cytosine)
44
What makes up RNA nucleotide ?
Phosphate group Ribose (pentose sugar) Nitrogen containing bases (adenine, URACIL, guanine and cytosine)
45
How do nucleotides bond together ?
Condensation reaction between phosphate (5’ end) of 1 nucleotide and ribose or deoxyribose (3’ end) of another Forms phosphodiestor bonds DNA nucleotides catalysed by DNA polymerase RNA nucleotides catalysed by RNA polymerase
46
What’re the characteristics of DNA’s double helix ?
- Two polynucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds between complimentary base pairs - double helix put forward by Watson and Crick - adenine and thymine held by 2 hydrogen bonds - guanine and cytosine held by 3 hydrogen bonds - two polynucleotide strands run antiparallel to one another
47
What are the structure and functions of DNA ?
SUGAR PHOSPHATE BACKBONE: provides strength and stability and protects info codes in bases and hydrogen bonds between bases LONGER MOLECULE: can strike lots of info HELIX STRUCTURE: compact BASE SEQUENCE: Code for amino acids therefore proteins DOUBLE STRANDED: allow for semi conservative replication COMPLIMENTARY BASE PAIRS: allow for accurate replication WEAK H BONDS BETWEEN BASES: easily broken and separates stranded for SCR LOTS OF H BONDS IN MOLECULE: string and stable molecule
48
What’s the process of semi conservative replication ?
1.Hydrogen bonds are broken between base pairs catalysed by DNA helicase 2. Separates strands and each one acts as template for free DNA nucleotides to align to exposed complimentary base 3. Hydrogen bonds form between complimentary base pairs 4. DNA polymerase joins adjacent DNA nucleotides on new strands via condensation reactions forming phosphodiestor bonds 5. At the end left with 2 DNA molecules each containing and original and new strand
49
What does ATP stand for ?
adenosine triphosphate
50
What’s the structure of ATP ?
1 nitrogen containing base (ADENINE) 1 ribose sugar 3 phosphate groups All joined by condensation reaction
51
How does ATP release energy ?
ATP hydrolase catalyses breakdown of ATP into ADP an inorganic phosphate and then a release of energy
52
Why is ATP useful for many biological processes ?
- Releasing energy in small amounts - One bond is broken down in single step so there’s an immediate release or energy - adds phosphate onto molecules to make more reactive (phosphorylation) - it can be resynthesised
53
54
What’s the function of hydrogen ions ?
Its concentration affects acidity of solution High conc of hydrogen ions = high acidity Low conc of hydrogen ions = low acidity
55
What’s the function of iron ions ?
Structural component of haem group in haemoglobin Involved in binding to O2
56
What’s the role of sodium and potassium ions ?
Sodium ions used in co transport of Lucas’s and amino acids from lumen of small intestine into intestinal epithelial cell Both used in nervous conduction
57
what’s the function of phosphate ?
Component of DNA, RNA, ATP Added to molecules to make kite reactive Component of phospholipids
58
What’s the function of nitrates ?
Taken from soil Making amino acids

Biology Revision (7 decks)

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