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Biology Comp 1 > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the chemical test for starch?

A

Add iodine solution. Orange -> blue/black

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2
Q

What’s the chemical test for reducing sugar?

A

Benedict’s reagent and boil. Blue -> red

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3
Q

What’s the chemical test for non-reducing sugar?

A

Acid, boil, neutralise, Benedict’s reagent, boil. Blue -> red

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4
Q

What’s the chemical test for protein?

A

Biuret solution added. Blue -> purple

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5
Q

What’s the chemical test for lipids?

A

Mix with ethanol and distilled water. Clear -> milky white

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6
Q

Role of carbohydrate triose

A

instant energy source

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7
Q

Role of carbohydrate glucose/ sucrose

A

transportable source of energy

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8
Q

Role of carbohydrate starch/ glycogen

A

Storage of glucose

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9
Q

Role of carbohydrate cellulose

A

Structural material

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10
Q

3 carbon monosaccharide

A

triose

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11
Q

6 carbon monosaccharide

A

hexose

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12
Q

What are the properties of monosaccharides?

A

Sweet taste. Soluble. Easily transported

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13
Q

Where is the changing OH group on alpha glucose?

A

facing down

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14
Q

Where is the changing OH group on beta glucose?

A

facing up

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15
Q

How is glucose transported?

A

Polar, soluble and in the blood plasma

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16
Q

What are the 4 inorganic ions and their uses?

A

Mg for chlorophyll in plants. Fe for haemoglobin- oxygen carrying pigment. PO4 for DNA and RNA. Ca for healthy bones and teeth

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17
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

When two or more monomers are linked together by the chemical elimination of water forming a glycosidic bond

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18
Q

Glucose + Glucose -> ?

A

Maltose (disaccharide)

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19
Q

Glucose + fructose -> ?

A

sucrose (disaccharide)

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20
Q

Glucose + galactose-> ?

A

lactose (disaccharide)

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21
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Chemical addition of water that returns a returns a polymer back to the monomers it is made of

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22
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

simple monomer sugars that are the building blocks for polysaccharides

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23
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

two monosaccharides joined together to form a GLYCOSIDIC BOND

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24
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

large complex carbohydrates formed from 3 or more monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bond

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25
5 properties of polysaccharides
Massive size. Insoluble. Energy store. Strong. Can't diffuse out of cell
26
What is the physical structure if glycogen and how does this helps it's function?
1-4 glycosidic bonds. Branched on 1-6 chains. allows quick release from hydrolysis. animals have higher metabolic requirement
27
What monomer is glycogen made from and whats it's function?
ALPHA glucose. Animal storage- liver and muscle cells
28
What molecules does starch consist of? what monomers are they made from?
amylose and amylopectin. both made from ALPHA glucose
29
What is function of starch?
plant storage
30
How does structure of amylose contribute to it's function?
1,4 glycosidic bond. helix structure for greater stability that can compact for storage
31
How does the structure of amylopectin contribute to it's function?
Branched 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds. Easily hydrolysed for energy release.
32
What is the function of cellulose and what monomer is it made from? what is it's structure?
BETA glucose. 1,4 glycosidic bonds. every other molecule rotated 180º. plant structural carbohydrate
33
What is the function of chitin and what monomer is it made from? what is it's structure?
same as cellulose but addition of ACYl AMIDE (contains N). forms insect exoskeleton (strong-parallel chains crosslinked by H bonds, waterproof, light)
34
What 3 compounds are lipids made of? polar or non-polar?
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. non-polar
35
6 functions of lipids
1) energy source/ store. 2) protects internal organs. 3) thermal insulation. 4) metabolic water. 5) waterproofing. 6) membranes
36
Triglyceride (lipid) structure
Glycerol and three fatty acids. hydrophobic tails. can be saturated or unsaturated (low melting point)
37
Reaction and bond in triglycerides
3 condensation reactions form 3 ester bonds
38
structure of phospholipids
Glycerol, 2 fatty acids and phosphate group. hydrophobic head, hydrophobic tails
39
Micelle meaning
mix phospholipd with H2O, forms droplets with tails in
40
liposome meaning
double layered phospholipid bilayer, traps water, cell membranes
41
cholesterol function
found in all biological membranes between tails. helps to regulate fluidity/ strength of membrane
42
lipoprotein meaning
soluble proteins combined with lipids in blood plasma (fat can't dissolve in plasma)
43
LDL definition
Low density lipoprotein
44
LDL function
(BAD) diet high in saturated fat increases production. delivers fat round body. excess to artery walls = atheroma
45
HDL meaning
High density lipoprotein
46
HDL function
(GOOD) diet high in unsaturated fat increases production. removes excess LDL. reduce rate of atherosclerosis
47
Amino acid structure
N-C-C (H-N-H amino group) (H-C-R chain) (O=C-OH carboxyl group)
48
formation of dipeptide
condensation reaction. forms dipeptide + H2O. peptide bond formed. N-C-C-N-C-C + H2O
49
Dipeptide meaning
2 amino acids joined by condensation reaction
50
polypeptide meaning
3 or more amino acids joined by condensation reaction
51
Primary structure of protein
sequence of amini acids held together by peptide bonds. assembled by translation
52
Secondary structure of a protein
folding of primary structure due to interactions between amino acids. ALPHA HELIX or BETA PLEATED SHEET. peptide and weak hydrogen bonds present
53
tertiary structure of protein (e.g. enzymes)
folding of secondary structure into 3D shape. DISULPHIDE BONDS- sulphers in R group. IONIC BONDS- charged R groups. HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTIONS- non polar R groups
54
Quaternary structure of proteins
association of several tertiary polypeptide chains
55
Quaternary structure- fibrous proteins (tertiary)
long thin molecules. insoluble. structural. e.g. collagen
56
Quaternary structure- fibrous e.g. collagen structure
3 identical polypeptide chains of alpha helix. every 3rd amino acid is GLYCINE- small R group so twisted close together. found in skin/ bones
57
Quaternary structure- globular proteins (tertiary)
compact ball shape. hydrophobic centre hydrophilic outside. more water soluble than fibrous. metabolic role in living organisms ie enzymes
58
Quaternary structure- globular e.g. haemoglobin structure
4 polypeptide chains (2 Alpha 2 beta) held by Disulphide bond. centre of each chain = haem group (iron) binds to oxygen. each haemoglobin gives up 4 O2's.
59
define polar molecule
electrons are unevenly distributed. e.g. water
60
features of water- cohesion
water molecules stick together by hydrogen bonds. column oh molecules. causes surface tension
61
features of water- adhesion
water molecules stick to other surfaces by hydrogen bonds e.g. xylem
62
features of water- high latent hear of vaporisation
needs lots of energy to break hydrogen bonds- prevents rapid evaporation
63
features of water- high specific heat capacity
lots of energy needed to raise the temperature- thermostable environment
64
features of water- universal solvent
can dissolve polar/ionic substances
65
features of water- transparent
photosynthesis

Biology Comp 1 (10 decks)

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