Biological molecules Flashcards
(15 cards)
What are the four main categories of biological molecules?
→carbohydrates
→proteins
→lipids
→nucleotides
What is the general composition of a cell?
→water 70%
→macromolecules 26%
→small organic molecules 3%
→inorganic ions 1%
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
→ an energy storage
→a fuel
→a metabolist
→a structural element
What is the difference between D and L configuration in monosaccharides?
In the Fischer projection,
→if the OH on the chiral carbon furthest from the C=O group is pointed right it is D configuration
→ If it is pointed to the left it’s the L configuration.
What is the difference between α and β glucose?
→ α the OH group on C1 is pointing downwards.
→ β the OH on C1 is pointing upwards
What is the difference between glucopyranose and glucofuranose?
→In glucopyranose - 6 C atoms in the ring. →glucofuranose - 5 C atoms in the ring.
What monosaccharides are sucrose and lactose made up of?
→SUCROSE: - α-D-glucose - β-D-fructose
→LACTOSE: - α-D-glucose - β-D-galactose
What is the difference between the bonds in cellulose and starch/glycogen?
→ cellulose has β-1-4 glycosidic bonds between glucose monomers,
→starch/glycogen has α-1-4 glycosidic bonds between glucose monomers.
Describe starch and glycogen
→Starch is made up of Amylose and Amylopectin.
→amylose : glucose is linked by 1-4 glycosidic bonds which make it unbranched.
→ amylopectin : glucose is linked by 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds, making it a branched chain.
→Glycogen is similar to amylopectin but with more frequent branching.
list the 4 blood types with the antibodies and the antigens present on them
→GROUP A: Anti-B antibodies and A antigens
→GROUP B: Anti-A antibodies and B antigens
→Group AB: no antibodies and both A and B antigens
→Group O: both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies and no antigens
what are two examples of nucleotides that are important on their own?
→ATP - energy unit
→cAMP - second messenger
what are two examples of amino acids that are important on their own?
→Tyrosine forms adrenaline, which triggers glycogen breakdown.
→ Histidine transforms into histamine - a vasodilator.
What is the difference between cis and trans-unsaturated fatty acids?
→Trans has the H atoms on opposite sides around the double bond
→cis has them on the same side.
Describe the structure of phospholipids
→ Phospholipids are made of up hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads.
→The heads are made up of glycerol,a phosphate group and choline.
Describe cholesterol
→steroid that can intercalate into the membrane.
→the OH group interacts with the polar lipid heads
→ its steroid scaffold interacts with the fatty acids
