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신류진's Anatomy > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biological significance of water?

A
  • Water Molecules are POLAR(hydrogen bonding)
  • Ice is less dense than liquid water( acts as an insulating layer)
  • Extremely good solvent( allow for the dissolving of substances)
  • HIGH SPECIFIC Heat capacity (THERMO STABLE)
  • Low viscosity (easier blood flow)
  • Surface tension(capillary action)
  • Aquatic animals can be larger in water since the water can support their weight
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2
Q

How does Hydrogen bonding occur between water?

A

•The 2 lone pairs of the water are attracted to 2 positive dipoles of the hydrogen

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3
Q

How does water work as a coolant?

A

•The heat is transferred into the water molecules and they evaporate taking the energy with them

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4
Q

What is the difference between alpha/beta glucose?

A
  • alpha has both hydrogens on the same side

* Beta has the two hydrogens on opposite sides

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5
Q

What makes Maltose?

A

2x Alpha glucose

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6
Q

What makes Sucrose?

A

•a Glucose and fructose

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7
Q

What makes Lactose?

A

•b Glucose and galactose

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8
Q

What makes Cellulose?

A

•Long unbranched chains of b-glucose

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9
Q

What makes Glycogen?

A

•Alpha Glucose

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10
Q

What makes Amylose, Amylopectin(Starch)?

A

•Alpha Glucose

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11
Q

Properties of Cellulose?

A

•Strong
•Insoluble
•Forms microfibres, macro fibrils
- used in plant cell walls

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12
Q

What is the structure of Cellulose?

A
  • Long chains of β glucose that are upside down so 2 OH face each other
  • Singular chain/ Straight chain polymer
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13
Q

Structure of Starch?

A

•Alpha glucose joined by glycosidic bonds
•Amylose 1-4 Glyclosidic bonds ( Forms a HELIX)#
•Branched Amylopectin
-These are both present-

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14
Q

Properties of Starch?

A
  • More compact than glucose

* Less soluble than glucose

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15
Q

Structure of Glycogen?

A
  • Branched (1,6 glycosidic bonds)
  • More Branches than amylopectin
  • Both 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
  • (a-glucose only)
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16
Q

Properties of Glycogen?

A
  • More compact than Amylopectin(COMPACT)
  • Insoluble
  • Branched
  • Compact
  • Free end which allows for easy addition onto the glycogen
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17
Q

Function of cellulose?

A
  • Used in plants to make the CELL WALL
  • Hard to Break down
  • Fibre for a healthy digestive system
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18
Q

Function of Starch?

A

•Used as an energy store in plants

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19
Q

Function of Glycogen?

A
  • Used as an energy store in fungi and animals

* More glucose chains can be added to the store as there is a free end

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20
Q

What are the two types of lipids?

A

saturated unsaturated

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21
Q

What are enzymes? (2 marks)

A
  • Enzymes are Globular proteins that act as a BIOLOGICAL CATALYST (1)
  • This lowers the Activation energy for metabolic reactions (1)
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22
Q

What are intracellular and extracellular enzymes?

A

-enzymes that can catalyse reaction inside cells and outside cells

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23
Q

What is the name of the current model of enzyme action?

A

-Induces fit hypothesis

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24
Q

Some amino acids that are not part of an enzymes active site are changed. Explain how this might affect the functioning of an enzyme

A
  • It would affect the enzyme
  • This will cause a change to the whole structure
  • So the active site can change
  • so the substrate can no longer form an enzyme-substrate complex
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25
Q

What is activation energy?

A

-energy needed for a reaction to occur

26
Q

What elements form carbohydrates?

A

C, H, O

27
Q

What elements form lipids?

A

C, H, O (same as carbs)

28
Q

What elements form proteins?

A

C, H, O, N, S

29
Q

What elements form Nucleic acids?

A

C, H, O, N, P

30
Q

How are polysaccharides formed?

A

Polysaccharides are formed by many monosaccharides joined together

31
Q

Why is the ability of water to act as a solvent important for the survival of organisms?

A

medium for (metabolic) reactions ;
(because) allows (named) ionic compound(s) to
separate ;
transport ;
two named transport, systems / media
OR
one example of a transport, medium / system, with a
named example of what is transported ;
(organisms can) absorb / take in , (named) minerals /
ions / (named) gas / food ;
able to dilute toxic substances ;

32
Q

State the name given to the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule.

A

Primary structure

33
Q

properties of Globular Proteins

A
  • compact
  • water soluble
  • roughly spherical shape
  • have metabolic roles
34
Q

Fibrous proteins

A
  • Long and insoluble

- Have structural roles

35
Q

Conjugated Proteins

A
  • globular proteins that contains a non protein group
36
Q

What is Catalase?

A

Catalase
•Globular protein (Conjugated)
- A quaternary protein that contains 4 haem prosthetic groups. The presence of Fe2+ ions allows it to speed up the reaction between Hydrogen peroxide in the cells. Catalase makes sure the H2O2 does not harm the body as catalase breaks it down

37
Q

Primary Protein Structure (1°)

A
  • Sequence of amino acids

* Bonds - PEPTIDE BONDS ONLY

38
Q

Secondary Protein Structure (2°)

A
  • alpha - helix & Beta pleated sheets

* This is due to hydrogen bonds forming in regions along the protein molecule depending on the amino acid sequences

39
Q

Tertiary Protein Structure (3°)

A
  • Folding of a protein into its final shape
  • More interaction can occur (a-helix & b-pleated sheets)
  • Hydrophobic/phillic interactions
  • Disulphide bridges
  • Ionic bonds
  • Hydrogen bonds
  • Vander walls forces
40
Q

Quaternary Protein Structure (4°)

A
  • From the association of of two or more individual proteins called (subunits)
  • Haemoglobin globular protein that has 4 subunits (two sets of identical subunits)
41
Q

How is a peptide bond broken?

A
  • add H2O in a hydrolysis reaction

* Reforming the amine and carboxyl group

42
Q

Explain how hydrogen bonds are formed in the secondary structure.

A
  • H,O,N atoms of the basic repeating structure interact

* hydrogen bonds may form within the amino acid chain pulling it into a a-helix or beta pleated sheet structure

43
Q

What is Collagen?

A
  • Fibrous Protein
  • Is the connective tissue found in skin ,tendons, ligaments and the nervous system
  • Made up of 3 poly peptides wound together into a strong long rope-like structure
44
Q

What is Keratin?

A
  • Fibrous Protein
  • Found in Nails, Hair, Skin
  • Large proportion of sulfur containing amino acid CYSTEINE
  • Degree of sulfide bonds determine the flexibility
  • (Hair contains fewer sulfide bonds than nails)
45
Q

What is Elastin?

A
  • Fibrous Protein
  • Quaternary protein made from many stretchy molecules called tropoelastin
  • Found in the walls of blood vessels and the alveoli
  • Give the structures flexibility to expand and recoil
46
Q

What is Insulin?

A
  • Globular Protein
  • Hormone involved in the regulation of blood glucose concentrations
  • Soluble
47
Q

What is Haemoglobin?

A
  • Globular protein (Conjugated)
  • Red oxygen carrying pigment found in erythrocytes
  • Fe2+ able to combine reversibly with oxygen
48
Q

What is a globular protein?

A
  • Compact
  • Water soluble
  • Rough Spherical Shape
  • Formed when The Hydrophobic R groups fold away from the aqueous environment (making it soluble in water)
49
Q

What is a conjugated Protein?

A
  • Globular proteins

* That contains a Prosthetic group (e.g. Fe2+)

50
Q

What is a Fibrous protien?

A
  • Long Insoluble Molecules

* Because of large proportion of amino acids with a hydrophobic R-Groups in their structure

51
Q

What are pyrimidines ?

A
  • Smaller bases that contain a single carbon ring structure

* C, T

52
Q

What are Purines?

A
  • Larger bases that contain a double carbon ring structure

* A, G

53
Q

What is a Nucleotide?

A
  • Pentose monosaccharide
  • Contains a Phosphate group
  • And a Nitrogenous Base (A,C,T,G)
54
Q

What are the Bonds between nucleotides called?

A

• Phosphodiester bonds

55
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA

A

•Deoxy ribose has one less oxygen atom than Ribose

56
Q

What are the inorganic Cations you need to know?

A

cations: calcium ions (Ca2+), sodium ions (Na+),
potassium ions (K+), hydrogen ions (H+), ammonium
ions (NH4+)

57
Q

What are the inorganic Anions you need to know?

A 
anions: nitrate (NO3(–0), 
hydrogen carbonate(HCO3(–)),
chloride (Cl (–)), 
phosphate (PO4(3–)), 
hydroxide(OH(–)).
58
Q

Structure of DNA?

A
  • Two strands of polynucleotides
  • Forms into a DNA double helix
  • The two parallel strands run in opposite directions (ANTIPARALLEL)
59
Q

How do the properties of DNA allow it to be transcribed easily?

A

•Hydrogen bonds
•Complementary Base pairing (nucleotide pairing is easier)
A-T
C-G

60
Q

What are the base pairing rules?

A
  • A-T (Adenine and Thymine) form 2 Hydrogen Bonds
  • C-G (Cytosine and Guanine) from 3 Hydrogen Bonds and so they only form bonds with each other
  • This is known Complementary Base Pairing
61
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A
  • To transport copied section of the DNA

* T is replaced with U (uracil)

62
Q

How is a phosphodiester bond formed?

A

A phosphodiester bond is formed between two nucleotides when the phosphate group of one nucleotide reacts with the hydroxyl group present at the third carbon of another nucleotide. A water molecule is released in the process of bond formation.-condensation reaction

신류진's Anatomy (10 decks)

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