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신류진's Anatomy > Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Transport in Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Why is there a need for a specialised transport systems in animals?

A
  • metabolic demands are high and diffusion alone is not enough to supply the needs of the animal
  • SA:V small for large organisms
  • hormones need to be transported
  • glucose needs tot be transported across the body
  • waste products from cells need to be removed
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2
Q

Types of circulatory system

A
  • Open circulatory system

- Closed circulatory system

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3
Q

What are the features of most circulatory system.

A
  • liquid transport medium
  • vessels transport that carry the transport medium
  • pumping mechanism
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4
Q

Open Circulatory System

A
  • Pumped straight from the heart to the very few vessels into the body cavity where it comes into direct contact with the tissue and exchange happens there
  • This is blood is then drawn straight back into the heart
  • found in INSECTS usually
  • insect blood is called HAEMOLYMPH
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5
Q

Closed circulatory systems

A
  • Blood is enclosed in blood vessels and does not come into direct contact with the cells of the body
  • Heart pumps blood around the body under pressure
  • substances leave and enter the blood via diffusion through the vessel walls
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6
Q

What are the two types of closed circulatory system?

A
  • Single closed circulatory system

- Double closed circulatory system

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7
Q

Single closed circulatory system.

A
  • blood is pumped from the heart around the body back to the heart
  • Only travels once through the heart
  • Blood pressure drops low so blood returns to the heart quite slowly (tends to be inefficient)
  • Fish are the opposite they have an efficient exchange system (they can be active)
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8
Q

Why are is the fishes single closed circulatory system effective?

A
  • counter current gaseous exchange system
  • Body weight is supported by the water
  • They do not maintain their body temperature
  • All of this greatly reduces the metabolic demand on the fish
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9
Q

Double closed Circulatory System

A
  • Most efficient circulatory system
  • Blood travels twice through the heart
  • blood is pumped to the lungs to pick up oxygen
  • the oxygenated blood returns back to the heart to be pumped through the entire body
  • before returning to the heart again
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10
Q

What are the 3 components that determine the properties of the type of blood vessel?

A
  • elastic fibres (flexibility)
  • smooth muscle (Change the size of the lumen)
  • collagen (structural support to maintain the shape and volume)
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11
Q

What is the structure and function of arteries?

A
  • to transport oxygenated blood under high pressure (except for the pulmonary artery)
  • Contain elastic fibres, collagen and smooth muscles
  • elastic fibres help withstand force of blood pumped out of the heart
  • smooth endothelium so blood can flow easily
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12
Q

Arterioles

A
  • contain a lot of smooth muscle cells and less elastin
  • helps control blood flow into the capillaries
  • Vasoconstriction / Vasodilation
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13
Q

How are capillaries adapted for their role?

A
  • large surface area for diffusion of substances
  • large amounts of capillaries slows the blood giving more time for exchange to occur
  • thin walls for easy diffusion
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14
Q

What are the 3 layers of a vessel?

A
  • outer coat
  • tunica media
  • tunica intima
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15
Q

What is the structure of veins and their function?

A
  • tough outer coat lots of collagen
  • carries deoxygenated blood to the heart
  • relatively little elastic fibres
  • Wide lumen
  • Valves preventing the backflow of blood
  • Smooth endothelium (easier flow of blood)
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16
Q

How can the blood travel up the vein?

A
  • muscles in the body can contract to push blood up the vein to the heart
  • breathing of the chest can act as a pump
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17
Q

Functions of the blood

A
  • transport O2 & CO2, hormones, digested food, immune system cells (antibodies), amino acids, platelets…
  • acts as a buffer
  • helps maintain a steady body temperature
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18
Q

What is the function of tissue fluid (interstitial fluid)?

A
  • blood plasma contains dissolved substances needed for the body
  • this can then have direct contact with body cells and exchange can happen there
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19
Q

How is tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) formed? refer to oncotic and blood pressure.

A
  • as blood flows into the capillaries from the arterioles it is under high HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
  • This is greater than the oncotic pressure (due to the plasma proteins still in the capillaries) (-3.3kpa) so the blood plasma is forced out into the interstitial spaces of the surrounding tissue
  • at this point, it becomes tissue fluid (interstitial fluid)
  • It is blood plasma without erythrocytes and plasma proteins
  • diffusion takes place here
20
Q

How is tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) drained lymphatically and reabsorbed back into the capillaries? refer to oncotic and blood pressure.

A
  • as the blood moves along the capillaries the HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE falls and the ONCOTIC pressure is now stronger than the hydrostatic pressure
  • so water moves back into the capillaries by OSMOSIS
  • 90% of tissue fluid is drained back into the veins
  • 10% is drained into the lymphatic system
21
Q

what is the lymph composition compared to plasma?

A
  • less oxygen
  • less nutrients
  • contains fatty acids
  • contains lymphocytes
  • filter bacteria and foreign matter
22
Q

What is the function of the lymph nodes?

A
  • contain lymphocytes and phagocytes that filter the blood

- plays a major role in the defence of the body

23
Q

What in erythrocytes carries oxygen?

A

-haemoglobin (Fe2+ bind to the oxygen)

24
Q

What is the reaction between haemoglobin and oxygen?

A
  • reversible reaction
  • Hb + 4O2 Hb(O2)4
  • Haemoglobin + oxygen —> oxyhaemoglobin
25
Q

What is positive cooperativity?

A
  • as one oxygen molecule binds to a haem group
  • the molecule changes shape making it easier for the next oxygen molecule to bind
  • This makes the oxygen concertation in the erythrocyte low
  • This maintains a steep diffusion gradient
26
Q

Positive Cooperativity in the release of oxygen

A
  • as one oxygen molecule is released

- the whole molecule changes shape making it easier for oxygen to be released

27
Q

What happens in high partial pressure of oxygen?

A

-Oxygen is loaded rapidly

28
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

-the amount of the certain molecule (O2)

29
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

-At high partial pressures of CO2 oxygen is given up more readily by the haemoglobin

30
Q

Why is the Bohr effect important?

A
  • in active tissues where the partial pressure of CO2 is high haemoglobin gives up oxygen more readily
  • Where there is low partial pressures of CO2 oxygen binds to the haemoglobin more easily
31
Q

What is Fetal Haemoglobin

A
  • different type of haemoglobin found in developing foetuses that has a HIGHER AFFINITY for oxygen
  • This removes oxygen from the maternal blood as they move past each other
32
Q

How is CO2 transported from the tissues to the lungs?

A
  • 5% dissolved in plasma
  • 10-20% into carbaminohaemoglobin
  • 75-85% into hydrogen carbonate ions (HCO3-) in the cytoplasm of the red blood cells
33
Q

What enzyme catalyses the reversible reaction between CO2 and H2O?

A

-carbonic anhydrase

34
Q

What ion moves into the red blood cell that helps maintain the electrical balance of the cell?

A
  • chlorine

- this is called the chloride shift

35
Q

Explain the process how Rbcs carry CO2

A
  • 10-20% binds to haemoglobin to form CARBAMINOHAEMAGLOBIN
  • carbonic anhydrase catalyses the reaction between CO2 and H2O to form carbonic acid (H2CO3)
  • hydrogen ion dissociates from the carbonic acid and forms H+ and HCO3-
  • H+ ions are removed by buffers
  • HCO3- move out of the erythrocyte into the plasma down a concentration gradient
  • Chloride shift occurs to maintain the electrical balance of the cell
36
Q

Explain how HCO3- is converted back into H2O and CO2

A
  • HCO3- combines back with the H+ ions forming H2CO3
  • The reverse reaction is catalysed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase and is converted back into CO2 and H2O
  • CO2 diffuses into the lungs
  • Chloride ions diffuse out of the RBC into the plasma down an electrochemical gradient
37
Q

Why is it important to convert CO2 into HCO3-?

A

-to maintain a steep concentration gradient for the CO2 to diffuse across

38
Q

How does haemoglobin act as a buffer?

A
  • by accepting free H+ ions in a reversible reaction to from haemoglobinic acid
  • preventing changes in pH
39
Q

What is does the myogenic nature of the heart mean?

A
  • it had its own intrinsic rhythm (comes from the heart)
40
Q

Explain the process of how the heart pumps blood

A
  • Both atria fill with blood
  • Both atria contract simultaneously
  • Atrioventricular valves of both sides open
  • Both ventricles fill with blood from the atria
  • Both Ventricles contract simultaneously
  • Atrioventricular valves close
  • Semilunar valves open
  • Right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery
  • Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood through the aorta to the rest of the body
  • Both ventricles relax (refractory period)
  • Semilunar valves close
  • Both atria begin to fill with blood
41
Q

How is an impulse generated and propagated through the heart ?

A
  • SAN generates an electrical impulse
  • the wave of contraction spreads to both atria
  • causing them to contract
  • the layer of non conducting tissue prevents the wave of contraction from reaching the ventricles
  • The electrical impulse reaches the AVN and is delayed
  • The electrical impulse is relayed to the bundle of His
  • The impulse is then conveyed through the two bundle branches to the Purkinje fibres
  • This causes both ventricles to contract starting at the apex for more efficient pumping of the blood
42
Q

Where does the Lub-Dub sound of the heart come from?

A
  • The snapping shut of the valves
  • Lub : blood forced against the atrioventricular valves
  • Dub : the closing of the semilunar valves
43
Q

Tachycardia

A

-rapid heartbeat (>100bpm)

44
Q

Bradycardia

A
  • slow heartbeat (<60bpm)
  • they are usually fit
  • severe bradycardia can be fixed by artificial pacemakers
45
Q

Ectopic heartbeat

A

-extra heartbeat out of normal rhythm

46
Q

Atrial fibrillation ( A-fib)

A
  • example of an arrhythmia
  • rapid electrical impulses generated
  • heart does not pump effectively

신류진's Anatomy (10 decks)

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