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Biology - AS Level > Biological Molecules - Carbohydrates and ATP > Flashcards

Biological Molecules - Carbohydrates and ATP Flashcards

1
Q

In what ways do atoms bond

A

-covalent
-ionic
-hydrogen

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2
Q

A covalent bond is …..

A

The sharing of outer shell electrons to form a stable molecule

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3
Q

An ionic bond is …..

A

Ions of opposite charges attract due to strong electrostatic forces
Transfer of outer shell electrons
-lose electron = positive
-gain =negative

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4
Q

A hydrogen bond is ….

A

-ve region of a polarised molecule attracts the +ve region of another molecule and a weak electrostatic bond forms

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5
Q

What is a polarised molecule

A

Molecules with uneven distribution of positive and negative charge

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6
Q

Polymerisation is….

A

Process in which polymers are formed from long chains of small molecules

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7
Q

Types of polymerisation

A
  • addition
    -condensation - main one for bio
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8
Q

The sub-unit of a polymer

A

Monomer

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9
Q

Condensation reactions

A

Polymerisation of monomer to form large chains of polymer and produces polymer and water

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10
Q

Word equation

A

Monomer + monomer -> polymer + water

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11
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

The addition of water to a polymer which produces the original monomers

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12
Q

How does this happen - hydrolytic reaction

A

Addition of water breaks down bonds between polymers

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13
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

Carbon molecules combined with water

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14
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Another name for carbohydrate

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15
Q

What is the basic unit of carbs

A

Sugar

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16
Q

What is a monosaccharide

A

Sweet-tasting soluble substance

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17
Q

What is the general formula

A

(CH2O)n

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18
Q

What doe n represent

A

Any number between 3-7- carbon atoms

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19
Q

3 types of monosaccharide

A

-glucose (C6H1206)- in liver and skeletal muscles
-galactose (C6H1206)
-fructose (C6H1206)- present in liver synthesis of fat

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20
Q

What are each of the monosaccharides

A

Structural isomers

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21
Q

What are structural isomers

A

Same number of atoms however they are arranged differently so they ave different properties

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22
Q

2 types of glucose

A

Alpha and beta OR a-glucose and b-glucose

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23
Q

Rule for alpha

A

OH
Bottom bottom top bottom

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24
Q

Rule for beta

A

OH
Top bottom top bottom

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25
Q

Test for reducing sugar

A

Add 2cm^3 food sample to a test tube - if not in liquid form then add water
Add equal volume of Benedict’s reagent
Shake and boil in water bath for 5 mins
Positive result is blue to brick red

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26
Q

Result sequence

A

Blue- green -orange- brick red

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27
Q

Why does this happen

A

Benedict’s reagent is alkaline so forms insoluble precipitate of cooper (1) which brick red upon heating

28
Q

What is a disaccharide

A

Pair of monosaccharides

29
Q

What is the bond that is formed in a condensation reaction of a disaccharide

A

Glycosidic bond

30
Q

What does glyco mean

A

Sugar

31
Q

Give 3 disaccharides

A

-glucose + glucose = maltose
-glucose +fructose = sucrose
-glucose + galactose = lactose

32
Q

Test for non-reducing sugars

A

Test for reducing
Then if not then add 2cm^3 of food sample to 2 cm^3 HCLand boil for 5 min - this will hydrolyse disaccharide into monosaccharide eg glucose
Slowly add sodium hydrogen carbonate to neutralise - add universal indicator as it will not work with alkaline Benedict’s
Then add 2cm^3 Benedict’s - colour change blue to brick red

33
Q

What is a polysaccharide

A

Polymers formed from many small monosaccharides

34
Q

What is its uses

A

Insoluble - good for storage

35
Q

An example of a polysaccharide

A

Starch

36
Q

Test for starch

A

2cm^3 in test tube
Add two drops of iodine (yellow/orange colour) and shake/stir
Positive result - indicated by blue - black colouration

37
Q

What is starch

A

A polysaccharide

38
Q

What is it made of - starch

A

Alpha-glucose

39
Q

What is its structure - starch

A

-20% -amylose - long unbranched chains in a helical structure
-80% -amylopectin - branched chains

40
Q

Where does starch occur

A

Plants

41
Q

What is the function of starch

A

It is used as an energy store

42
Q

What is starch’s general form

A

Grain

43
Q

What are the properties of starch

A

-compact- so lots can be stored in a small space
-insoluble- doesn’t affect water potential so water isn’t drawn in cells by osmosis
-large - does not diffuse out of cells
-easily hydrolysed to alpha glucose for respiration
-branched form- many ends so can be acted on by enzymes and released rapidly

44
Q

What is glycogen made off

A

Alpha glucose

45
Q

Where does glycogen occur

A

Animals

46
Q

What is the nature of glycogen

A

-highly branched short chains
-more branched than starch

47
Q

What are the properties of glycogen

A

-insoluble so doesn’t affect water potential
-ends can be acted on by enzymes
-lots of shot chains so can be easily hydrolysed back alpha glucose

48
Q

Why do animals require glycogen

A

Animals need to release energy quicker, so more can be hydrolysed into glucose

49
Q

What is glycogen used for

A

Major carb energy store

50
Q

What is glycogens general form

A

Small granules

51
Q

What is the monomer of cellulose

A

Beta glucose

52
Q

What is it’s form- cellulose

A

-straight unbranched chains
-these run parallel
-hydrogen bonds form between the chains as cross linkages

53
Q

Where does cellulose occur

A

Plant

54
Q

What is the function of cellulose

A

-Strength for cell walls
-structural functions

55
Q

What is the form of cellulose

A

Fibres
Chains form microfibrils and these for macro fibrils and these form the cellulose fibres

56
Q

Properties of cellulose

A

-strong chains cause the cellulose to provide strength to the cells walls
-hydrogen bonds in mass are very strong
-prevents cell bursting due to osmosis- this keeps it in the turgid state

57
Q

What is ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

58
Q

why is ATP easily transported

A

it is a small and soluble water molecule

59
Q

how does it release energy

A

by breaking one of the end phosphate bonds- this releases lots of energy which does not damage the cell

60
Q

how much energy is released via ATP

A

33kJ

61
Q

what is then produced

A

ADP and a phosphate group

62
Q

what is the ADP used for

A

It is a low energy source mainly used in storage

63
Q

what is the energy used for by ATP

A

Immediate work in cellular respiration and other metabolic reactions

64
Q

what is the enzyme used to break down ATP

A

ATpase

65
Q

how is ATP made from ADP

A

via the synthesis of the phosphate group in a condensation reaction

66
Q

how is ATP produced in cellular repiration

A

-substrate-level phosphorylation
-oxidative phosphorylation

Biology - AS Level (13 decks)

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