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Biology AQA A Level > Biological Molecules Ch 1, 2 > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Ch 1, 2 Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

Molecule

A

A group of two or more atoms linked together by a chemical bond

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2
Q

Element

A

Composed of atoms that have the same atomic number

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3
Q

Compound

A

A substance consisting of atoms or ions from different elements joined by chemical bonds into a molecules

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4
Q

Monomers

A

Smaller units from which large molecules are made

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5
Q

Polymer

A

Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

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6
Q

What is the process called when Monomer becomes polymer

A

Condensation, water is made

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7
Q

What is the process called when a Polymer becomes monomers

A

Hydrolysis, water is needed

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8
Q

What are some properties of water

A

Polar so can dissolve charges ions and acts as a universal solvent.
High specific heat capacity-buffers changes in temperature, reduces fluxuations
High latent heat of evaporation-cooling effect with little loss of water through evaporation.
Strong cohesion-allows surface tension and prevents columns of water breaking
Ice= lower density- habitat and layer of insulation
Metabolite- condensation and hydrolysis

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9
Q

What are the three monosaccharides

A

Glucose, fructose and galactose

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10
Q

What monomers make up Maltose

A

Glucose and glucose

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11
Q

What monomers make up Sucrose

A

Glucose and fructose

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12
Q

What monomers make up Lactose

A

Galactose and glucose

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13
Q

How can you tell if it’s alpha or beta glucose

A

Alpha- The first carbon will have H on the top and OH on the bottom
Beta- the first carbon will have a OH on top and the H on the bottom

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14
Q

what does alpha glucose+ alpha glucose make

A

maltose, starch, glycogen

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15
Q

what does beta glucose and beta glucose make

A

cellulose

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16
Q

what has to happen to the molecule for cellulose to be made

A

every other beta molecule needs to be flipped

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17
Q

when two glucose monomers join, what’s the name of the bond

A

glycosidic bond

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18
Q

whats the name of the bond when two proteins bond

A

peptide bond

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19
Q

whats the name of the bond when two lipids bond

A

ester bond

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20
Q

is starch branches or unbranched?

A

can be both, branches=amylose

unbranched=amylopectin

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21
Q

how is starches structure related to its function

A

insoluble= does not draw in water through osmosis
big= can’t diffuse out of cell
compact= can be stored in small places and more can be stored
hydrolyses=glucose for respiration

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22
Q

is hydrolysis faster in branches or unbranched molecules

A

branched because more surface contact for enzymes to work simultaneously.

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23
Q

is glycogen branched or not branched?

A

highly branched

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24
Q

how does glycogens structure relate to its function

A

insoluble=doesn’t draw in water from osmosis
big= can’t diffuse out of cells
compact= small storage space
highly branched= hydrolysis of glucose for respiration quicker

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25
what is celluloses structure
straight unbranched chains running parallel with hydrogen bonds between chains
26
how is cellulose's structure related to it's function
hydrogen bonds allow for microfibrils that make it strong, so it can withstand turgidity/pressure
27
what reagent is used to test carbohydrates.
Benedict and iodine
28
which sugars are reducing sugars?
all monosaccharides, and maltose and lactose.
29
which sugars are non-reducing?
all polysaccharides, sucrose
30
how do you test for reducing sugars
add Benedict solution to food sample. | hot water bath
31
What results could you see using Benedict solution
``` no colour change= negative green-lowest concentration yellow brown red-highest concentration ```
32
how would you test for non-reducing sugar
``` (can do after testing for reducing sugars) add HCl to hydrolyse hot water bath add NaHCO3 (alkali) to neutralise acid add benedict solution hot water bath ```
33
in benedict test why does it turn red if positive for reducing sugars?
red copper oxide precipitate is made
34
if starch is present what colour will iodine turn?
blue to black
35
what is the name for the test for lipids
emulsion test
36
describe the emulsion test
add ethanol THEN add water | cloudy-white precipitation means lipid is present
37
what are some properties of lipids
insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents solid at room temp is saturated, liquid if unsaturated proportion of oxygen and hydrogen is smaller than carbohydrates
38
what are the functions of lipids
``` cell membrane source of energy (produced 2x the energy as the same mass of carbohydrates) source of water when oxidised waterproofing insulation protection hormones ```
39
name two types of lipids
triglycerides and phospholipids
40
what makes up a triglyceride
glycerol and 3 fatty acid
41
what makes up a phospholipid
hydrophilic phosphate, glycerol and two hydrophobic fatty acids
42
why is phospholipids used in the cell membrane
because it creates a phospholipid bilayer due to its hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties
43
Give functions for Protein
Enzyme, hormones, antibodies, blood clotting, toxins, antifreeze, receptors
44
what elements make up protein
C,H,O,N
45
What is a amino acid molecule made up of
anime group (NH2) and carboxyl group (COOH) and R group
46
what is the name of the molecule when two amino acids bond
dipeptide
47
What is Primary Structure
Many amino acids joined together, the sequence determined by the DNA
48
What is Secondary Structure
Weak hydrogen bonds cause polypeptide chains to twist into 3D shape.
49
What are the two secondary Structure shapes
a-helix or beta pleated sheet
50
What is tertiary Structure
From the secondary structure, the chain twists and folds to make a more complex and specific shape.
51
What bonds are in involved in the tertiary structure, strongest to weakest
Disulfide bond, ionic bond, hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interactions.
52
What is the Quaternary Structure
When more than one polypeptide chains are linked together, or the have non-protein attached. E.G haemoglobin has iron.
53
Describe the test for Protein
Biuret test- Add NaOH to protein. Add drop by drop CuSO4, shaking in between Lilac=positive
54
What is a semi-quantitative test?
When is shows the amount/concentration present as well as if it is present.
55
Name a semi- quantitative test
Benedict Test
56
Other than looking at the colour of the solution after a Benedict Test, how can you determine the conc present?
Filter the solution, dry and then weigh .
57
Why is water being an universal solvent important to living organisms?
Used for transport of substances through the blood and phloem.
58
Why is water having a high latent heat of vaporisation important to living organisms?
Used for cooling (sweating)
59
Why is water having a specific heat capacity | important to living organisms?
Prevents large temperature fluctuations
60
Why is water being less dense as ice than as liquid important to living organisms?
Insulating layer under the sea allowing organisms to live
61
Why is water being transparent important to organisms?
Allows photosynthesis in organisms living in the water
62
What is the monomer of DNA?
Nucleotide (Nucleic Acid)
63
What is the monomer of RNA?
Nucleotide (Nucleic Acid)
64
What is the structure of a Nucleotide in DNA?
(Deoxyribose) Pentose sugar, Nitrogen Base, phosphate
65
What is the structure of a Nucleotide in RNA?
(ribose) Pentose sugar, Nitrogen Base, phosphate
66
What are the four bases in DNA?
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
67
What are the four bases in RNA?
Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine
68
What is the back bone of the DNA?
Phosphate and deoxyribose (pentose sugar) form a phosphodiester bond
69
What bonds are between the bases?
Hydrogen bonds
70
Why is DNA stable?
The phosphodiester backbone protects the more chemically reactive bases. H bonds between bases
71
What bases are purine?
Adenine, Guanine
72
What bases are pyrimidines?
Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
73
What is a hypothesis?
A suggested explanation of something based on some logical scientific idea.
74
What type of DNA replication do mammals have?
Semi-conservative
75
Describe the process of DNA replication
- DNA helicase breaks H bonds so double helix unwinds. - Each strand acts as a template and complimentary free nucleotides bases bind. - DNA polymerase forms phosphodiester bonds
76
What experiment can you do to prove DNA replicates in a Semi-conservative way?
Use Nitrogen14 and the isotope N15. Combine a 14N DNA and a 15N DNA to produce a DNA that has 15N and 14N. Dupicate another DNA using 14N again to produce two DNA strands one 14N and 15N which will be denser than the 14N14N.
77
Where does all energy initially come from?
The sun
78
What's the structure of ATP
Adenine, Ribose and phosphates (three in a chain)
79
What is ATP used as?
A source of energy
80
Why is ATP a good source of energy?
The bonds between phosphate have a low activation energy and are unstable. Therefore they are easily broken and when they do break they release a considerable amount of energy. ATP allows energy to be released in manageable quantities.
81
What reaction does ATP go under to produce ADP?
Hydrolysis reaction
82
In what three ways can ATP be made from ADP?
photo phosphorylation (ETC) , oxidative phosphorylation (ETC), substrate-level phosphorylation (Phosphate from other molecules join)
83
GIve some uses of ATP?
Metabolic process- provides energy to build molecules (macromolecules) Movement- muscle contractions. Active Transport Form lysosomes Can phosphorylate other molecules to make more reactive (eg. adding phosphate to glucose).
84
Why does DNA polymerase sometimes work in opposite directions during DNA replication?
DNA has antiparallel stands so the nucleotides are aligned differently. Enzymes have active sites with specific shape and only the 3' end can bin with the active site of polymerase.
85
What is Hydrophilic?
Will dissolve with water
86
What is hydrophobic
Will not dissolve with water
87
Why is there a greater range in temperature on land than in water?
Water has a higher specific heat capacity than air so more heat is needed to raise the temperature of water/
88
Why is it necessary to synthesis large amounts of ATP?
ATP cannot be stored and only releases a small amount of energy at a time
89
Why is ATP a suitable source of energy in biological processes?
Soluble, energy is released in small amounts, and releases energy in a simple reaction.

Biology AQA A Level (15 decks)

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