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Biology AQA A Level > Biological Molecules Ch 1, 2 > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Ch 1, 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Molecule

A

A group of two or more atoms linked together by a chemical bond

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2
Q

Element

A

Composed of atoms that have the same atomic number

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3
Q

Compound

A

A substance consisting of atoms or ions from different elements joined by chemical bonds into a molecules

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4
Q

Monomers

A

Smaller units from which large molecules are made

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5
Q

Polymer

A

Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

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6
Q

What is the process called when Monomer becomes polymer

A

Condensation, water is made

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7
Q

What is the process called when a Polymer becomes monomers

A

Hydrolysis, water is needed

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8
Q

What are some properties of water

A

Polar so can dissolve charges ions and acts as a universal solvent.
High specific heat capacity-buffers changes in temperature, reduces fluxuations
High latent heat of evaporation-cooling effect with little loss of water through evaporation.
Strong cohesion-allows surface tension and prevents columns of water breaking
Ice= lower density- habitat and layer of insulation
Metabolite- condensation and hydrolysis

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9
Q

What are the three monosaccharides

A

Glucose, fructose and galactose

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10
Q

What monomers make up Maltose

A

Glucose and glucose

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11
Q

What monomers make up Sucrose

A

Glucose and fructose

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12
Q

What monomers make up Lactose

A

Galactose and glucose

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13
Q

How can you tell if it’s alpha or beta glucose

A

Alpha- The first carbon will have H on the top and OH on the bottom
Beta- the first carbon will have a OH on top and the H on the bottom

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14
Q

what does alpha glucose+ alpha glucose make

A

maltose, starch, glycogen

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15
Q

what does beta glucose and beta glucose make

A

cellulose

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16
Q

what has to happen to the molecule for cellulose to be made

A

every other beta molecule needs to be flipped

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17
Q

when two glucose monomers join, what’s the name of the bond

A

glycosidic bond

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18
Q

whats the name of the bond when two proteins bond

A

peptide bond

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19
Q

whats the name of the bond when two lipids bond

A

ester bond

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20
Q

is starch branches or unbranched?

A

can be both, branches=amylose

unbranched=amylopectin

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21
Q

how is starches structure related to its function

A

insoluble= does not draw in water through osmosis
big= can’t diffuse out of cell
compact= can be stored in small places and more can be stored
hydrolyses=glucose for respiration

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22
Q

is hydrolysis faster in branches or unbranched molecules

A

branched because more surface contact for enzymes to work simultaneously.

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23
Q

is glycogen branched or not branched?

A

highly branched

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24
Q

how does glycogens structure relate to its function

A

insoluble=doesn’t draw in water from osmosis
big= can’t diffuse out of cells
compact= small storage space
highly branched= hydrolysis of glucose for respiration quicker

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25
Q

what is celluloses structure

A

straight unbranched chains running parallel with hydrogen bonds between chains

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26
Q

how is cellulose’s structure related to it’s function

A

hydrogen bonds allow for microfibrils that make it strong, so it can withstand turgidity/pressure

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27
Q

what reagent is used to test carbohydrates.

A

Benedict and iodine

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28
Q

which sugars are reducing sugars?

A

all monosaccharides, and maltose and lactose.

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29
Q

which sugars are non-reducing?

A

all polysaccharides, sucrose

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30
Q

how do you test for reducing sugars

A

add Benedict solution to food sample.

hot water bath

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31
Q

What results could you see using Benedict solution

A 
no colour change= negative
green-lowest concentration 
yellow
brown
red-highest concentration
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32
Q

how would you test for non-reducing sugar

A 
(can do after testing for reducing sugars) 
add HCl to hydrolyse
hot water bath
add NaHCO3 (alkali) to neutralise acid 
add benedict solution 
hot water bath
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33
Q

in benedict test why does it turn red if positive for reducing sugars?

A

red copper oxide precipitate is made

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34
Q

if starch is present what colour will iodine turn?

A

blue to black

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35
Q

what is the name for the test for lipids

A

emulsion test

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36
Q

describe the emulsion test

A

add ethanol THEN add water

cloudy-white precipitation means lipid is present

37
Q

what are some properties of lipids

A

insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
solid at room temp is saturated, liquid if unsaturated
proportion of oxygen and hydrogen is smaller than carbohydrates

38
Q

what are the functions of lipids

A 
cell membrane
source of energy (produced 2x the energy as the same mass of carbohydrates)
source of water when oxidised
waterproofing
insulation
protection
hormones
39
Q

name two types of lipids

A

triglycerides and phospholipids

40
Q

what makes up a triglyceride

A

glycerol and 3 fatty acid

41
Q

what makes up a phospholipid

A

hydrophilic phosphate, glycerol and two hydrophobic fatty acids

42
Q

why is phospholipids used in the cell membrane

A

because it creates a phospholipid bilayer due to its hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties

43
Q

Give functions for Protein

A

Enzyme, hormones, antibodies, blood clotting, toxins, antifreeze, receptors

44
Q

what elements make up protein

A

C,H,O,N

45
Q

What is a amino acid molecule made up of

A

anime group (NH2) and carboxyl group (COOH) and R group

46
Q

what is the name of the molecule when two amino acids bond

A

dipeptide

47
Q

What is Primary Structure

A

Many amino acids joined together, the sequence determined by the DNA

48
Q

What is Secondary Structure

A

Weak hydrogen bonds cause polypeptide chains to twist into 3D shape.

49
Q

What are the two secondary Structure shapes

A

a-helix or beta pleated sheet

50
Q

What is tertiary Structure

A

From the secondary structure, the chain twists and folds to make a more complex and specific shape.

51
Q

What bonds are in involved in the tertiary structure, strongest to weakest

A

Disulfide bond, ionic bond, hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interactions.

52
Q

What is the Quaternary Structure

A

When more than one polypeptide chains are linked together, or the have non-protein attached. E.G haemoglobin has iron.

53
Q

Describe the test for Protein

A

Biuret test- Add NaOH to protein.
Add drop by drop CuSO4, shaking in between
Lilac=positive

54
Q

What is a semi-quantitative test?

A

When is shows the amount/concentration present as well as if it is present.

55
Q

Name a semi- quantitative test

A

Benedict Test

56
Q

Other than looking at the colour of the solution after a Benedict Test, how can you determine the conc present?

A

Filter the solution, dry and then weigh .

57
Q

Why is water being an universal solvent important to living organisms?

A

Used for transport of substances through the blood and phloem.

58
Q

Why is water having a high latent heat of vaporisation important to living organisms?

A

Used for cooling (sweating)

59
Q

Why is water having a specific heat capacity

important to living organisms?

A

Prevents large temperature fluctuations

60
Q

Why is water being less dense as ice than as liquid important to living organisms?

A

Insulating layer under the sea allowing organisms to live

61
Q

Why is water being transparent important to organisms?

A

Allows photosynthesis in organisms living in the water

62
Q

What is the monomer of DNA?

A

Nucleotide (Nucleic Acid)

63
Q

What is the monomer of RNA?

A

Nucleotide (Nucleic Acid)

64
Q

What is the structure of a Nucleotide in DNA?

A

(Deoxyribose) Pentose sugar, Nitrogen Base, phosphate

65
Q

What is the structure of a Nucleotide in RNA?

A

(ribose) Pentose sugar, Nitrogen Base, phosphate

66
Q

What are the four bases in DNA?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

67
Q

What are the four bases in RNA?

A

Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine

68
Q

What is the back bone of the DNA?

A

Phosphate and deoxyribose (pentose sugar) form a phosphodiester bond

69
Q

What bonds are between the bases?

A

Hydrogen bonds

70
Q

Why is DNA stable?

A

The phosphodiester backbone protects the more chemically reactive bases. H bonds between bases

71
Q

What bases are purine?

A

Adenine, Guanine

72
Q

What bases are pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

73
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A suggested explanation of something based on some logical scientific idea.

74
Q

What type of DNA replication do mammals have?

A

Semi-conservative

75
Q

Describe the process of DNA replication

A
  • DNA helicase breaks H bonds so double helix unwinds.
  • Each strand acts as a template and complimentary free nucleotides bases bind.
  • DNA polymerase forms phosphodiester bonds
76
Q

What experiment can you do to prove DNA replicates in a Semi-conservative way?

A

Use Nitrogen14 and the isotope N15. Combine a 14N DNA and a 15N DNA to produce a DNA that has 15N and 14N. Dupicate another DNA using 14N again to produce two DNA strands one 14N and 15N which will be denser than the 14N14N.

77
Q

Where does all energy initially come from?

A

The sun

78
Q

What’s the structure of ATP

A

Adenine, Ribose and phosphates (three in a chain)

79
Q

What is ATP used as?

A

A source of energy

80
Q

Why is ATP a good source of energy?

A

The bonds between phosphate have a low activation energy and are unstable. Therefore they are easily broken and when they do break they release a considerable amount of energy. ATP allows energy to be released in manageable quantities.

81
Q

What reaction does ATP go under to produce ADP?

A

Hydrolysis reaction

82
Q

In what three ways can ATP be made from ADP?

A

photo phosphorylation (ETC) , oxidative phosphorylation (ETC), substrate-level phosphorylation (Phosphate from other molecules join)

83
Q

GIve some uses of ATP?

A

Metabolic process- provides energy to build molecules (macromolecules)
Movement- muscle contractions.
Active Transport
Form lysosomes
Can phosphorylate other molecules to make more reactive (eg. adding phosphate to glucose).

84
Q

Why does DNA polymerase sometimes work in opposite directions during DNA replication?

A

DNA has antiparallel stands so the nucleotides are aligned differently. Enzymes have active sites with specific shape and only the 3’ end can bin with the active site of polymerase.

85
Q

What is Hydrophilic?

A

Will dissolve with water

86
Q

What is hydrophobic

A

Will not dissolve with water

87
Q

Why is there a greater range in temperature on land than in water?

A

Water has a higher specific heat capacity than air so more heat is needed to raise the temperature of water/

88
Q

Why is it necessary to synthesis large amounts of ATP?

A

ATP cannot be stored and only releases a small amount of energy at a time

89
Q

Why is ATP a suitable source of energy in biological processes?

A

Soluble, energy is released in small amounts, and releases energy in a simple reaction.

Biology AQA A Level (15 decks)

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