Cytology Ch 3

Question 1

Cell membrane

Answer 1

A selectively permeable membrane that controls what goes in and out of the cell by the presence/ absence of specific protein channels

Question 2

Nucleus

Answer 2

Contains DNA/ genetic information (information about how to produce proteins and instructions for the function of cells)

Question 3

Nucleoulus

Answer 3

Where ribosomes are produced

Question 4

Nuclear envelope

Answer 4

A double membrane around the nucleus with nuclear pores for substances to move into and out of the nucleus

Question 5

Ribosomes

Answer 5

For protein synthesis. In rough ER and in the cytoplasm

Question 6

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 6

ER- A system of interconnected tubes that transport molecules.
Rough has ribosomes attached that synthesis proteins which get transported through the ER.
Smooth- Synthesise, store and transports lipids and carbohydrates.

Question 7

Gogi apparatus

Answer 7

A series of curved tubes closely aligned with vsicals budding off.

Question 8

Give examples of what the Golgo apparatus does

Answer 8

Adds carbs to proteins forming glycoproteins
produces lysosome and other enzymes that are produced in the pancrease.
modifies and stores lipids
Secretes carbs

Question 9

lysosome

Answer 9

vesicle containing lysozome, a digestive enzyme that breaks down cells, organelles and pathogens

Question 10

Structure of Cell wall in plants

Answer 10

Beta glucose forming microfibrils which form fibres, producing cellulose.

Question 11

How is cell wall in plants adapted to its function

Answer 11

Strong and rigid= mechanical strength, cell doesn’t burt under water pressure when turgid.
Permeable
Structural support

Question 12

Vacuole

Answer 12

makes cells turgid
stores sugar, amino acid
pigment in colour petals

Question 13

What organelles does mitochondria contain?

Answer 13

Outer mitochondrial membrane
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Matrix (proteins, lipids, ribosomes, DNA)
Cristae
Coiled loop of DNA
Ribosome

Question 14

What organelles are in Chloroplast

Answer 14

Outer chloroplast membrane
Inner Chloroplast membrane
Grana (block of thylakoids)
Stroma (cytoplasm)
Coiled loop of DNA
Ribosomes

Question 15

What does thylakoids contain?

Answer 15

Chlorophyll

Question 16

What is Monera

Answer 16

Bacteria

Question 17

Is Monera a prokaryote or eukaryote

Answer 17

Prokaryote

Question 18

Difference between prokaryote and eukaryote

Answer 18

Pro has no nucleus envelope, no membrane bound organelles, 70s (smaller) ribosomes, DNA is not associated with histones.

Question 19

What organelles are in a Bacteria

Answer 19

Coiled loop of DNA
Slime capsule
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Pili
Plasmid
Cytoplasm
70s Ribosome
Mesosome
Flagellum

Question 20

Cell wall made of in plants, fungi and bacteria

Answer 20

Cellulose, chitin, murein

Question 21

Whats a slime Capsule for

Answer 21

Protection from other cells, stops drying out, bacteria can group together,

Question 22

Whats pili for

Answer 22

Cell adhesion and conjugation( transfer plasmid)

Question 23

What is in Virus Structure

Answer 23

Protein Coat
DNA/RNA
Attachment proteins
Sometimes a lipid envelope taken from host

Question 24

Equation for magnification

Answer 24

Magnification= image/real image

Question 25

Resolution

Answer 25

the minimum distance apart two objects can be apart in order for them to appear as two separate items.

Question 26

Why does electron microscope have a greater resolution than light

Answer 26

The beam of electron has a shorter wavelength than light beam

Question 27

Conditions needed for an electron microscope to work

Answer 27

Beam of electron in vaccum, | specimen needs to be thin, dehydrated, dead,

Question 28

Differences between Transmission and Scanning EM

Answer 28

``` Transmission= 2D, greater mag and resolution Scanning= 3D, lower mag and resolution ```

Question 29

Cell fractionation

Answer 29

breaking open cells to release contents

Question 30

Three stages of fractionation

Answer 30

Adding solution, homogenising, and ultracentrifuge

Question 31

What solution does tissue need to be in for fractionation and why

Answer 31

Ice cold - inactivate enzymes so that organelles are not digested Buffer- keep pH the same so enzymes are not denatured Isotonic- ensure water doesn't move into and out of organelles by osmosis and makes sure the organelles don't burst or shrivel.

Question 32

What happens in ultracentrifugation

Answer 32

solution is spun by centrifuge and heaviest organelle is forced to the bottom. (sediment) The supernatant is filtered put in another test tube and spun again at a faster speed

Question 33

Rank following from densest to least dense. Mitochondria, ribosome, nucleus, chloroplast

Answer 33

Nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria and ribosome

Question 34

Stages of the cell cycle

Answer 34

Interphase, Prophase, metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and cytokinesis

Question 35

What happens in Interphase

Answer 35

DNA replicated

Question 36

What happens in Prophase

Answer 36

Chromosomes become visible, nucleolus breaks down and nuclear envelope disappears and spindle fibre starts to form

Question 37

What happens in Metaphase

Answer 37

Chromosomes align in the equator of the cell, spindle fibre attaches to the centromere of the chromosomes

Question 38

What happens in Anaphase

Answer 38

Spindle fibre retracts, pulling apart the two sister choromatids and pulling to opposite poles of the cell

Question 39

What happens in Telophase

Answer 39

Nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes .

Question 40

What happens in Cytokinesis

Answer 40

The cell splits in two

Question 41

How can cancer occur as a result of the cell cycle going wrong?

Answer 41

If there is rapid and uncontrolled cell division it can result to a tumour, and cells not doing their function properly`

Question 42

How do bacteria's divide

Answer 42

Binary fission

Question 43

Is xylem an organ or tissue?

Answer 43

Tissue

Question 44

Is a blood capillary an organ?

Answer 44

No

Question 45

Is an artery an organ?

Answer 45

No

Question 46

Why are arteries and veins organs but not capillaries

Answer 46

Capillaries only have an epithelium cell lining not a muscle wall or elastic wall like veins and artries.

Question 47

What is the name of the membrane of the vacuole?

Answer 47

Tonoplast

Question 48

What is Chromatin and where is it found?

Answer 48

Chromatin is the DNA and the histone proteins. The chromosome before it is condensed. It is found in the nucleus.

Question 49

Where is the endoplasmic reticulum found?

Answer 49

Attached to the nucleus

Question 50

Where do the products of the endoplasmic reticulum go?

Answer 50

To the gogi apparatus

Question 51

What is the term for when a cell removes a molecule from the cell?

Answer 51

Exocytosis

Question 52

What is a tissue?

Answer 52

A group of similar cells working (aggregated) together to perform a specific function.

Question 53

What is an organ?

Answer 53

A combination of tissues co-ordinates to perform a variety of functions but often one major one.

Question 54

Do prokaryotes always have flagellum's?

Answer 54

No, only sometimes

Question 55

Do prokaryotes always have plasmid?

Answer 55

No, only sometimes.

Question 56

Do eukaryotes have flagellum's?

Answer 56

Sometimes

Question 57

Do eukaryotes have cell walls?

Answer 57

Sometimes

Question 58

Where are ribosomes produced?

Answer 58

Nucleoulus

Question 59

Why would you use a TEM microscope to look at a single-celled organism?

Answer 59

High/ better resolution; Shorter wavelength; To see internal structures of organelles

Question 60

Give evidence that supports the theory that mitochondria evolved from prokaryotic cells

Answer 60

Circular DNA, 70s ribosome, no introns and no histones.

Question 61

Name two structures in a Eukaryotic cell that cannot be identified using an optical microscope

Answer 61

Ribosome, lysosome, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 62

How would you make a temporary mount of a piece of plant tissue to observe the position of starch grains in cells when using an optical miscroscope

Answer 62

- Add a drop of water to the slide. - Place a thin section of plant on slide - Stain with Iodine from potassium iodine. - Lower the cover slip with a mounted needle

Question 63

What happens in Binary fission?

Answer 63

- Replication of the circular DNA and of plasmids - division of the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells, each with a single copy of the circular DNA and a variable number of copies of plasmids.

Question 64

How would you calculate mitotic index?

Answer 64

Number of cells undergoing mitosis/Total number of cells x 100