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Biology AS > Biological Molecules (water,DNA,proteins) > Flashcards

Biological Molecules (water,DNA,proteins) Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Why is water referred to as a polar molecule?

A
  • oxygen atom takes more protons than hydrogen
  • oxygen will have a slightly positive charge
  • oxygen exerts stronger attraction between shared electrons
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2
Q

What is the bond between hydrogen atoms in water and whether it’s strong or weak?

A
  • hydrogen bond

- weak

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3
Q

What reaction occurs between an oxygen and a hydrogen atom in water? Is it strong or weak?

A
  • condensation

- strong

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4
Q

Why has water got a high boiling point?

A
  • many hydrogen bonds which stabilise it

- requires a lot of energy to break all the bonds

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5
Q

Why do large bodies of water have a stable temperature?

A

high specific heat capacity as there are many hydrogen bonds, it requires a lot of energy to increase the kinetic energy enough to break them all

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6
Q

Why is ice less dense than water?

A

When frozen molecules align in way that is less dense than water due to polarity

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7
Q

Why does water have a high surface tension (cohesion)?

A
  • hydrogen bonds between molecules pull them together
  • all bonded to molecules beneath them, more attracted to these than the air above
  • surface has the ability to resist force applied
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8
Q

How is water a good solvent?

A
  • due to polarity atoms attract oppositely charged atoms, this will break and keep them apart
  • solute will dissolve as it will cluster around oppositely charged points
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9
Q

What are proteins used for?

A
  • muscle
  • hormones
  • antibodies
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10
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

-carbon
-nitrogen
-hydrogen
-oxygen
(Sometimes sulfur)

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11
Q

Why are proteins a type of polymer?

A

Made up of many amino acids joined together

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12
Q

Draw and label parts of an amino acid

A 
H      R        O
      \        |       //
       N—C—C
       /       |      \
     H       H     O—H
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13
Q

What does the R group in an amino acid stand for?

A

different in each amino acid

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14
Q

What is an essential amino acid?

A

Animals can’t synthesise them, have to be consumed

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15
Q

What is deamination?

A

Removal of amino acid group from molecule

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16
Q

Where does deamination occur?

A
  • liver

- kidneys

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17
Q

What does deamination produce?

A

Ammonia

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18
Q

What bond is formed between 2 amino acids and how is it formed?

A
  • Peptide

- condensation reaction

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19
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

Unique amino acid sequence

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20
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

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A
  • when the chain of amino acids coils and folds

- alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets

21
Q

What bond holds together the secondary structure of a protein?

22
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

Study These Flashcards
A

Over all 3D shape of the protein

23
Q

What bonds are in the tertiary structure of a protein and where do they form?

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A
  • disulphide bridge (between 2 R groups)
  • hydrogen bonds (between polar R groups)
  • ionic bonds (positive and negative functional groups)
  • hydrophobic interactions/van der weals interactions
24
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

Study These Flashcards
A

Consists of more than 1 amino acid chain

25
Name 2 types of quaternary structure elf a protein?
- globular | - fibrous
26
What are the characteristics of a fibrous protein?
- long and narrow - structural role - repetitive amino acid sequence - insoluble in water
27
Give examples of a fibrous protein?
- collagen - myosin - fibrin - actin - keratin - elastin
28
What are the characteristics of a globular protein?
- spherical - functional role - irregular amino acid sequence - soluble in water
29
Give examples of globular proteins
- enzymes - haemoglobin - insulin
30
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribose nucleic acid
31
Where is DNA found?
-plants -animals (Have ‘true’ nucleuses)
32
Where Is DNA in a prokaryotic cell?
- cytoplasm | - plasmids
33
What can be said about DNA replication?
Semi conservative replication
34
Briefly list the stages of DNA replication (5 stages)
- helicase unzips and forms the replication fork - hydrogen bonds between bases are broken - new complimentary nucleotides paired with old bases in 5’ to 3’ direction by polymerase (leading strand) - lagging strand synthesised discontinuously (primase synthesises RNA primer, extended by polymerase to form Okazaki fragment) - ligase joins these fragments
35
At what stage does DNA replication take place in a cell cycle?
S
36
Why is DNA replication callee ‘semi conservative’?
1 old and 1 new strand in a DNA molecule
37
List the stages of a cell cycle?
- interfaze (cell division) - growth 1 - synthesis (DNA replication) - growth 2
38
What is the function of DNA?
Stores genetic information to make proteins
39
What is the structure of DNA like?
- double helix - anti parallel - made up of nucleotides - hydrogen bonds between bases - long molecule - sugar phosphate back bone (negative charge) - contains coded information
40
Name the components of a nucleotide
- phosphate group - pentose sugar - nitrogenous base
41
What is a nucleotide?
Building block for DNA and RNA (nucleic acids)
42
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA contains 1 less oxygen atom
43
What bond joins 2 nucleotides?
Phosphodiester bond (between sugar and phosphate group)
44
What are purines and pyrimidines?
Nitrogenous bases that make up DNA and RNA
45
What are the 2 types of purines?
- adenine | - guanine
46
What are the 3 examples of a pyrimidines and where are they found?
- cytosine (BOTH) - uracil (RNA) - thymine (DNA)
47
What does A pair with in DNA and how many hydrogen bonds are formed?
- T | - 2
48
What pairs with G in DNA and how many hydrogen bonds form?
- C | - 3
49
How is DNA stable?
- lots of H bonds between bases - base pairs are stacked - strands are complementary to each other

Biology AS (5 decks)

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