BIOLOGICAL:NERVOUS SYSTEM

Question 1

neurons

Answer 1

transmit electrical and chemical signals

Question 2

glail cells

Answer 2

support and supply cells, surround neurons

Question 3

sensory neurons

Answer 3

carry input messages from sensory organs to the spinal cord or the brain

Question 4

motor neurons

Answer 4

transmit output from the spinal cord or brain to muscles and organs

Question 5

interneurons

Answer 5

connective and associative functions

Question 6

peripheral nervous system

Answer 6

all neural structures that lie outside of the brain and spinal cord

Question 7

somantic nervous system

Answer 7

voluntary
specialised sensory neurons to sensory nerves
motor neurons to motor nerves

Question 8

autonomic nervous system

Answer 8

involuntary
respiration, circulation, digestion, stress responses…
glands, heart, blood vessels, lining of the stomach

Question 9

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 9

activation

fight or flight

Question 10

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 10

inhibitory

more specific

Question 11

The central nervous system

Answer 11

brain and spinal cord

Question 12

what is the spinal cord made up of?

Answer 12

white matter and grey matter

Question 13

where do sensory and motor neurons enter or exit the spinal cord?

Answer 13

sensory neurons enter at the back…

…motor neurons exit the front

Question 14

what do spinal reflexes do

Answer 14

use interneurons

reduce harm

Question 15

In the brain, what makes up white and grey matter

Answer 15

grey matter is the cell bodied of neurons and dendrites

white matter is the axons of neurons

Question 16

dendrites

Answer 16

collect messages from neighbouring neurons ad send them to the soma

Question 17

axon

Answer 17

conducts electrical impulses away from the soma to the neurons, muscles and glands

Question 18

describe the electrical activity of neurons

Answer 18

resting potential (polarised -70mV)
depolarisation 
action potential (40mV)
repolarisation
resting potential (polarised)

Question 19

what is the absolute refractory period?

Answer 19

membrane cannot excite and cannot discharge another impulse-this ensures impulses are discrete and in one direction

Question 20

what is the all or nothing principle?

and graded potentials?

Answer 20

-50mV action potential threshold is reached

graded potentials do not reach this

Question 21

salutatory conduction

Answer 21

impulses jumps between nodes, missing what is myelinated

Question 22

how does damage to neurons cause multiple sclerosis?

Answer 22

the immune system attacks the myelin sheath and therefore the timings of impulses are disrupted leading to jerky, uncoordinated movement and eventually paralysis

Question 23

neurotransmitters

Answer 23

chemicals released by nerve cells that willow communication between them

Question 24

what are the five stages of neurotransmission?

Answer 24

synthesis
storage
release
binding
deactivation

Question 25

excitatory action of neurotransmission

Answer 25

Na+ channels on postsynaptic neuron open

Question 26

inhibitory action of neurotransmission

Answer 26

K+ out or Cl- in, increasing negative potential, making it harder to fire

Question 27

give an example of a neuromodulator and what it does

Answer 27

endorphins | modulate activity of diverse populations of neurons

Question 28

Excitatory or inhibitory? Effect? Acetylcholine

Answer 28

excitatory | muscular movement and memory

Question 29

Excitatory or inhibitory? Effect? Noradrenaline (don't confuse with adrenaline)

Answer 29

excitatory and inhibitory | learning, memory, wakefulness and eating

Question 30

Excitatory or inhibitory? Effect? Serotonin

Answer 30

inhibitory or excitatory | mood, sleep, arousal, pleasure and pain

Question 31

Excitatory or inhibitory? Effect? dopamine

Answer 31

excitatory | emotional arousal, learning, memory, pleasure and pain

Question 32

Excitatory or inhibitory? Effect? GABA

Answer 32

inhibitory | motor system

Question 33

Excitatory or inhibitory? Effect? Endorphin

Answer 33

``` inhibits pain impulses (neuromoderator) ```

Question 34

Excitatory or inhibitory? Effect? Glutamate

Answer 34

excitatory | mediator of excitatory info in the nervous system

Question 35

agonist drugs...

Answer 35

...increase neurotransmitter activity

Question 36

antagonist drugs...

Answer 36

...decreases or inhibits neurotransmitter activity

Question 37

psychoactive drugs...

Answer 37

...produce alterations in consciousness, emotion and behaviour

Question 38

what happens with reward pathways

Answer 38

once pleasure is experienced, it leads to increased temptation. More frequent=more tolerant= more needed to reach pleasure. this is seen in addictive drugs

Question 39

neuropsychology

Answer 39

study of brain function having depicted effects of damage

Question 40

what do neuropsychological tests do?

Answer 40

- measure verbal and non verbal behaviours - indicates type and severity of damage - also used for learning disabilities and developmental disorders

Question 41

Wernicke's aphasia | double disassociation

Answer 41

damage in temporal lobe, primarily manifested as difficulties with speech comprehension

Question 42

Broca's aphasia | double dissociation

Answer 42

damage in frontal lobe, manifested as difficulties with speech production

Question 43

what happens in lesion studies in animals?

Answer 43

specific nervous tissue is destroyed with electricity, cold, heat or chemicals or even surgically removed

Question 44

what is electoral recording?

Answer 44

for example,e inserting small electrodes in particular brain areas used for small number of neurons Hubel and Weisel

Question 45

What happens in Electroencephalography?

Answer 45

- records neural activity from the surface of the scalp | - non specific but useful for firings that correspond to states of consciousness

Question 46

What happens in Magnetoencephalography?

Answer 46

- a brain imaging methods that detects activity via magnetic fields generate by the brain activity - identifies areas

Question 47

what does MRI do? | m=magnetic

Answer 47

- creates images based on how atoms in living tissue reposed to magnetic pulse - the brain emits a radio signal which is detected and mapped

Question 48

what does DTI do? | d=diffuse

Answer 48

- measures how water molecules diffuse in tissue | - gives an indication how pathways and tracts are aligned in the brain

Question 49

what does fMRI do? | blood

Answer 49

- pictures of blood flow in the brain | - highest concentrations of oxygenated blood= most activity

Question 50

what does PET do? | glucose

Answer 50

- injected radioactive form of glucose | - measure activity by emitted energy and label neurotransmitters

Question 51

what does fNIRS do? | light and blood

Answer 51

- shining light onto brain and measuring ways in which it is reflected - blood absorbs the light so activity can be seen - less precise, inexpensive and the patient can move

Question 52

chemical stimulation

Answer 52

chemicals inserted into a certain area

Question 53

electrical stimulation

Answer 53

insertion of electrodes

Question 54

what does TMS do? | coil

Answer 54

- electrical stimulation of a targeted part of the brain via magnetic pulses sent from an electromagnetic coil - mimicks the effect of focal brain damage

Question 55

what does TES do? | scalp

Answer 55

-electrical stimulation of the brain by applying a low current to the scalp

Question 56

Four structural divisions within neurons - post synaptic membrane - cell body and axon hillock - axon - pre synaptic membrane

Answer 56

1. input zone-the post synaptic membrane 2. integration zone- the cell body and axon hillock(start of the axon) 3. conduction zone-the axon 4. output zone- the pre synaptic membrane