Biological Rhythms

Question 1

recurrent physiological or behavioral event that happens repeatedly in a set pattern

Answer 1

biological rhythm

Question 2

examples of behavioral rhythms

Answer 2

general activity
reproduction
migration
hibernation

Question 3

examples of physiological rhythms

Answer 3

heart rate
body temperature
HPG axis
insulin/ glucagon release

Question 4

presence of rhythms depends on what

Answer 4

time scale

Question 5

biological rhythms typically have a set of (3)

Answer 5

period
frequency
amplitude

Question 6

length of time from one point in the cycle to the next

Answer 6

period

Question 7

number of cycles per unit time

Answer 7

frequency

Question 8

change in value above or below the average

Answer 8

amplitude

Question 9

circa

Answer 9

about or around

Question 10

infra

Answer 10

below less than

Question 11

ultra

Answer 11

above, in excess of

Question 12

dias

Answer 12

days

Question 13

luna

Answer 13

moon

Question 14

annum

Answer 14

yea

Question 15

examples of human circadiam rhythms

Answer 15

temperature
K+ excretion
plasma cortisol
melatonin
growth hormone

Question 16

infradian period

Answer 16

> 24 h

Question 17

ultradian period

Answer 17

<24 h

Question 18

triggered by stimuli outside of an animal

Answer 18

exogenous rhythms

Question 19

regulated by internal stimuli; requires an internal biological clock

Answer 19

endogenous rhythms

Question 20

innate mechanism that controls biological rhythmns of organisms

Answer 20

biological clock

Question 21

length of time from start of one cycle to the next in constant conditions

Answer 21

free-running period

Question 22

process of synchronizations of endogenous rhythms to an envionmental cue

Answer 22

entrainment

Question 23

time giver; rhythmic period cue that entrains biological clocks

Answer 23

zeitgeber

Question 24

most rhythms are synchronized with?

Answer 24

environmental cues

Question 25

isolating animals from environmental cues is nearly what

Answer 25

impossible

Question 26

internal stimuli examples

Answer 26

molecular mechanisms hormones

Question 27

external stimuli example

Answer 27

environmental (zeitgebers) light temperature social interactions

Question 28

to find the location of the biological clock, researchers lesioned areas of the

Answer 28

hypothalamus

Question 29

what regions of the hypothalamus did they lesion

Answer 29

PVN VMH POA SCN

Question 30

what neurons show rhythmic firing rates in vitro that can last for years

Answer 30

SCN

Question 31

transplanting SCNs between wild-type and tau mutant hamsters result in what

Answer 31

recipients demonstrating the donor's free-running period

Question 32

SCN appears to be the biological clock and is regulated by?

Answer 32

molecular mechanisms

Question 33

SCN is entrained by light activating the?

Answer 33

retinohypothalamic tract

Question 34

neural activity from SCN projects to

Answer 34

pineal gland

Question 35

pineal gland secretes what in proportion to length of dark phase

Answer 35

melatonin

Question 36

melatonin interacts with other endocrine systems to

Answer 36

regulate rhythmic behaviors

Question 37

melatonin treatment can overcome lack of inputs to what

Answer 37

SCN

Question 38

reproduction in seasonal breeders triggered by

Answer 38

day length

Question 39

gross changes in brain structure and volume can be triggered by changes in what?

Answer 39

photoperiod

Question 40

altered biological rhythms can lead to decrease in what

Answer 40

survival

Question 41

reproduction in season breeders triggered by day length with changes in what

Answer 41

changes in melatonin release