Biological Rhythms

Question 1

supporting evidence for circadian rhythms?

Answer 1

siffre

Question 2

what does siffre support?

Answer 2

circadian rhythms

Question 3

describe siffre

Answer 3

conducted a case study, in which he spent 6 months in a cave. he measured his sleep-wake cycle without having any hints of the time of day. his daily rhythm extended to 25 hours a day.

Question 4

what does duffy et al. contradict?

Answer 4

circadian rhythms

Question 5

contradictory evidence for circadian rhythms?

Answer 5

duffy et al.

Question 6

describe duffy et al.

Answer 6

found that morning people prefer to rise early and go to bed early (6am-10pm), while evening people rise later and go to bed later (10am-1am). this means there is a large variation in the sleep-wake cycle.

Question 7

support for infradian rhythms?

Answer 7

mcclintock

Question 8

what does mcclintock support?

Answer 8

infradian rhythms

Question 9

describe mcclintock

Answer 9

took pheromones from 9 women from their armpits, and wiped this onto the upper lip of 20 other women. this caused their menstrual cycles to change. in 68% of women, their cycle became more similar to those whose pheromones they had been exposed to.

Question 10

what does yang and schank contradict?

Answer 10

infradian rhythms

Question 11

contradictory evidence for infradian rhythms?

Answer 11

yang and schank

Question 12

describe yang and schank

Answer 12

studied the menstrual cycles of 186 women who lived in dorms together. women living in these groups did not synchronise their cycles.

Question 13

support for ultradian rhythms?

Answer 13

dement and kleitman

Question 14

what does dement and kleitman support?

Answer 14

ultradian rhythms

Question 15

describe dement and kleitman

Answer 15

monitored the sleep patterns of 9 adults in a sleep lab. brainwave activity was recorded using EEGs and researchers controlled effects of alcohol and caffeine. found that everyone had periods of REM sleep, and if they woke during their REM stage, they were more likely to recall their dreams, showing that there are distinct stages of sleep.

Question 16

contradictory evidence for ultradian rhythms?

Answer 16

tarokh and carskadon

Question 17

what does tarokh and carskadon contradict?

Answer 17

ultradian rhythms

Question 18

describe tarokh and carskadon

Answer 18

found that the amount of time spent in stage 2 of the sleep cycle increased by 17% from age 9-10 to age 12-13. individual differences affect the sleep cycle.

Question 19

support for endogenous pacemakers?

Answer 19

ralph et al.

Question 20

what does ralph et al. support?

Answer 20

endogenous pacemakers

Question 21

describe ralph et al.

Answer 21

removed the SCN from genetically abnormal hamsters that had 20 hour circadian rhythms. these were transplanted into normal hamsters with 24 hour rhythms. this changed these normal hamsters, giving them a 20 hour cycle.

Question 22

what does campbell and murphy support?

Answer 22

light as an exogenous zeitgeber

Question 23

support for light as an exogenous zeitgeber?

Answer 23

campbell and murphy

Question 24

describe campbell and murphy

Answer 24

investigated 15 participants by waking them at various times in the night, and shining a light on the back of their knees. this changed their sleep-wake cycles by three hours in some cases.

Question 25

support for social cues as exogenous zeitgebers?

Answer 25

klein and wegmann

Question 26

what does klein and wegmann support?

Answer 26

social cues as exogenous zeitgebers.

Question 27

describe klein and wegmann

Answer 27

investigated jet lag, finding that if travellers went outside more in their destination, they would adjust better to the time zone, as they were exposed to more social cues.

Question 28

contradictory evidence for exogenous zeitgebers?

Answer 28

luce and segal

Question 29

what does luce and segal contradict?

Answer 29

exogenous zeitgebers

Question 30

describe luce and segal

Answer 30

found that light levels can be overridden. in the Arctic Circle, 6 months of the year are in total darkness, and 6 months are in total light. however, people in these conditions have been found to maintain a consistent sleep pattern.