Biological safety and some lab values Flashcards
When must an xray need to be done to ensure placement? (3)
Nurse’s responsibility to be sure a doc orders
1-When placing tube
2- major change in external length of tube
3- volume of gastric fluid aspirated increases
Patient position with tube feeding
HOB elevated 40 degrees or more to prevent aspiration.
What might one of the problem be if gastric fluid that is aspirated by a nurse increases?
Might mean that the tube has been displaced into stomach and is no longer in small bowel.
How to do the auscultory method for ensuring tube is in place?
No evidence that supports the accuracy of this method and confirming correct placement of feeding tubes. Does not differentiate placement accurately within the G.I. tract or between the G.I. and respiratory tracts.
Normal WBC count
4,500- 11,000mm
Increase means possible infection
Segmented neutrophils (WBC) normal value and description of cell action, low or high meanings
- 56
- Neutrophils are phagocytes That provide early rapid removal of large bacteria and cellular debris.
- Elevated:infection
- Decreased:severe infection or bone marrow damage
Bands (normal value, description)
WBC
- 3
- bands are immature segmented neutrophils
- elevated: cause shift to left, meaning marrow is releasing immature rather than mature neutrophils. Early indicator of sepsis
Eosinophils (WBC)
Normal value, Description and deviations
- 2.7
- granulocytes that contain toxic substances to kill foreign cells
- increase: Occur with inflammatory an allergic responses, parasitic Infestations, tissue necrosis and cancer metastasis.
- decrease: In the presence of suppurative (purulent) infection
Basophils (WBC)
Normal value, description and deviations
- 0.3
- action:Moderate systemic allergic responses and anaphylaxis. Similar to mast cells. Release histamine, heparin and serotonin during acute inflammatory allergic reactions.
- Increase: During healing or chronic phases of inflammation. Presence of hypersensitivity reactions. After radiation or with myeloid leukemia
- Decrease: During acute infection or stress or with hyperthyroidism
Lymphocyte (WBC)
Normal value, description of cell, and deviations
- 34
- action: Form two classes-B and T cells. Recognize foreign antigens.
- increase: Occur with bacterial, viral, and other infection also with lymphocytic leukemia.
- decrease: Impaired lymph drainage, Bone marrow failure and immunologic disorders that attack T cells(HIV)
Difference between B cells and T cells
B cells make antibodies that complex with antigens. T cells are cytotoxic killer cells and help B cells.
Monocytes
Normal lab Value, description and deviation
(WBC)
- 4
- action: Released by the bone marrow when they are still immature. Once mature they become macrophages capable of phagocytosis.
- increase: Occur with infection, connective tissue disorders, and some blood disorders.
- decrease: Bone marrow injury or failure
ESR -Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Normal lab values:
Action/description:
Deviations:
0-20 mm/hr (varies with age and gender)
- Description: the text presence of inflammation.
- Elevation: rheumatic fever, systemic lupus, other inflammatory conditions
Serum albumin
Normal lab values,Description, And deviations
- 3.4-4.8 g/dL (varies with age)
- Albumin is a reservoir for nitrogen and nitrogen is needed for tissue growth and healing. When blood volume decreases serum albumin level increases.
- elevation:May indicate dehydration
- decrease: May indicate liver or renal disease or mount nutrition
Sodium lab values
136-145 meq/L
