Pharmacology

Question 1

Schedule I drugs

Answer 1

Highly addictive,not accepted in medical use in United States. Examples of drugs heroin peyote LSD

Question 2

Schedule II drugs

Answer 2

High risk for potential abuse.

Morphine, oxycodone, amphetamine, cocaine, methadone

Question 3

Schedule III drugs

Answer 3

Less potential for abuse than schedule two drugs. Examples codeine hydrocodone or anabolic steroids

Question 4

Schedule IV drugs

Answer 4

Low potential abuse relative to schedule three drugs. Darvon,
Benzodiazepines

Question 5

First pass effect

Answer 5

Absorption of drugs in intestinal tract and the drug’s entry into portal circulation. First pass through liver detoxifies substances.

Question 6

Why do mg of medications sometimes differ when given iv or IM as opposed to PO?

Answer 6

Because PO meds go through first pass effect and med gets biotransformed.

Question 7

Prodrugs

Answer 7

Drugs that, upon biotransformation in liver, produce active metabolites.

Question 8

iatrogenic effect

Answer 8

Illness induced by medication given for tx.

Question 9

Common symptoms of bone marrow suppression:

Answer 9

• anemia characterized by weakness, dyspnea, fatigue, syncope
• neutropenia (low neutrophils) characterized by fever chills, sore throat, malaise and opportunistic infection
• thrombocytopenia (low platelets) characterized by eccymosis, petechiae, unusual bleeding

Question 10

Symptoms of neurotoxic reactions of meds

Answer 10

CNS
-confusion, excitation, sedation, delusions, depression
Autonomic Nervous system-
-constipation, diarrhea
Peripheral NS
- paresthesias, peripheral neuritis, cranial nerve deficits( diplopia)

Question 11

Symptoms of nephrotoxicity

Answer 11

Oliguria
Anuria
Edema
Weight gain
Hematuria
Crystakluria
Azotemia (azo=nitrogen, so it means nitrogen blood condition)

Question 12

Symptoms of hepatotoxicity

Answer 12

Anorexia
Malaise, fatigue
Nausea
Fever
Hepatic tenderness
Jaundice
Hepatomegaly
Elevated LFT
Dark urine
Light colored stools

Question 13

Ototoxicity

Answer 13

Tinnitus
Sensitive to noise
Vestibular toxicity- nystagmus,vertigo, n/v

Question 14

Cardiotoxicity

Answer 14

Tachyarrhythmias
Bradyarrhythmias
Cardiomyopathy
Chf
Severe hypo or hypertension

Question 15

Symptoms of resp depression

Answer 15

Decreased resp rate and shallow resps

Question 16

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

Answer 16

Caused by pcn, sulfa drugs, cotrimoxazole, carbamazepine, hydantoins, allopurinol…
S/sx- erythema multiforme, erosive involvement of mucous membranes of mouth, nose, bronchial tree and genitalia

Question 17

Toxic epidermal necrolysis

Answer 17

Caused by pcn, sulfa drugs, cotrimoxazole, carbamazepine, hydantoins, allopurinol…
Initially resembles Stevens -Johnson, but progresses to greater than 30% loss of epidermis due to necrosis.

Question 18

Hypersensitivity syndrome

Answer 18

Caused by carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarb, sulfa drugs, allopurinol.
S/sx- skin rash and fever
Hepatitis, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy, blood abnormalities

Question 19

Drug induced vasculitis

Answer 19

Caused by allopurinol, pcn, sulfa drugs, thiazides, pyrazolones…
-s/sx- Palpable purpuric papular rash usually on lower extremities but can be present in kidneys, gi tract, CNS

Question 20

Anticoagulant induced skin necrosis

Answer 20

Caused by warfarin and heparin
S/sx: occlusive thrombi of vessels supplying skin and subcutaneous tissue of areas with large amounts of adipose tissue (breast, butt)

Question 21

Type 1 allergic reaction

Answer 21

Result from IgE
Mast cells release large quantities of histamines.
Rapid onset- 30 min.
S-sx difficulty swallowing or breathing as bronchi become edematous.
rhinitis, sneezing
Treatment is epinephrine and resp support

Question 22

Type 2 drug reaction

Answer 22

IgG or IgM
-hemolysis (destruction of RBCs)
-Hemolytic reaction to blood transfusion
-immediate reaction is fever
- flank pain, wheezing, n/v, chest pain
Treatment- D/C blood transfusion, maintain BP,
Control bleeding and prevent renal damage, possibly IV diuretics

Question 23

Type 3 drug reaction

Answer 23

Caused by formation of immune complexes when antigens interact with antibodies, resulting in Serum sickness
Serum sickness occurs with a few days of injection of a protein.
Usually resolve spontaneously within 7-14 days. Antihistamines may help or if severe can use corticosteroids

Question 24

Type 4 drug reaction

Answer 24

Rash secondary to topical agents.
Mediated by T cell.
Treatment is d/c use of product and use calamine for itch

Question 25

Carcinogenic drugs

Answer 25

Drug induced changes in DNA from meds such as cyclophosphamide (antineoplastic)
Drug related cancer may not occur until years after administration

Question 26

Teratogenic reactions

Answer 26

Drugs affecting fetus

Question 27

List some of the many uses of cholinergic drugs

Answer 27

Slowing a fast heart rate,
relieving spasms of respiratory system

relieving nasal discharge, treat nausea and vomiting, motion sickness and dizziness,

decrease a gastric secretions and increase esophageal sphincter muscle tone,
treating eye and urinary tract disorders, neurological disorders

Question 28

Uses of antineoplastic drugs

Answer 28

Fight new growth caused by cancer,

used against auto immune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis

Question 29

Difference between
1-anticoagulants
2-antiplatelet drugs
3.thrombolytics

Answer 29

Anticoagulants Prevent blood from clotting, cause a prolonged bleeding time. Heparin and warfarin, apixiban(Eliquis), enoxaparin

Antiplatelet drugs prevent thromboembolic events. (Traveling clots that can cause CVA or MI.) ASA and clopidogrel(plavix)

Thrombolytics Promote lysis of fiber in strands causing dissolution of thrombi. Alteplase, streptokinase

Question 30

Antiretrovirals

Answer 30

Manage HIV infections.

Increase the CD4 cell count and decrease the viral load.

Question 31

Uses for Beta blockers

Answer 31

BP, chest pain, fast heart rate, vessel narrowing

Migraine, glaucoma, heart failure.

can prevent heart attacks and can manage symptoms of low thyroid function

Question 32

Uses for calcium channel blockera

Answer 32

BP, chest pain, coronary artery spasm.

Control the rhythm of the heart and to prevent neurological damage

Question 33

Tall man lettering

Answer 33

buPROPion vs busPIRone

Prevents errors with LASA (look alike sound alike)

Question 34

30g = how many ounces?

Answer 34

30g =1 oz

Question 35

1g = how many gr? (Grains)

Answer 35

1 g equals 15 gr

Question 36

Buccal route for administering meds

Answer 36

In the cheek
Absorbed though mucosa
Not swallowed when

Question 37

Parenteral route

Answer 37

administration means any non-oral means of administration, but is generally interpreted as relating to injecting directly into the body, bypassing the skin and mucous membranes. The common parenteral routes are intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC) and intravenous (IV).