Biology 10 Test

Question 1

hierarchy as it pertains to cells, tissues, organs and organ systems

Answer 1

“A hierarchy is a graded or ranked series”

Cells are building blocks of tissues, tissues are building blocks of organs, organs are building blocks of organ systems and organ systems or building blocks of organisms.

Question 2

Cell Theory

Answer 2

• all cells come from preexisting cells
• the cell is the basic organizational unit of life
• all living organism are made of one or more cells

Question 3

Cell Membrane

Answer 3

A layer of fats and proteins which surrounds the cytoplasm, separates the inside of the cell from the external environment, controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell, protects the cell. (found in all cells) *like a wooden fence around a school

Question 4

Cell Wall

Answer 4

Tough rigid structure lying just outside a plant cells membrane, provides structural support for plant cells and prevents cell from bursting (found only in plant cell) *like a second fence outside the cell membrane

Question 5

Cytoplasm

Answer 5

Jelly like substance that contains water, nutrients and raw materials of the cell. Consists of everything bounded by cell membrane but outside the cell membrane. (in both plant and animal cell) *floor in the school?

Question 6

Nucleus

Answer 6

Controls cell activities, contains DNA *principles office - both control’s center

Question 7

Vacuole

Answer 7

Contains water and other materials and are used to store + transport small molecules plant cells tend to have one large vacuole animals may have multiple small ones. Storage area for cell waste mostly water and food particles.

Question 8

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 8

rough - synthesis & packages protein ribosomes are attached to its surface

smooth - makes lipids, phospholipids and steroids

Membrane bound network of channels throughout the cytoplasm that transport materials around the cell *like hallways as material is moved around

Question 9

Mitochondrion

Answer 9

Oval shaped membrane, self replicating contains its own DNA coverts nutrients into energy that can be wed to fuel cell activities. *like cafeteria - generates energy

Question 10

Chloroplast

Answer 10

(found only in plant cells) traps energy from the sun to make glucose. Site of photosynthesis and the production of energy rich compounds such as glucose.

Question 11

Centriole

Answer 11

(found mostly in animal cell) straps energy from the sun to make glucose. Organizes spindle fibers involved in cell division. Small cylindrige organelles near nucleus.

Question 12

Chromatin

Answer 12

found in the nucleus, complex of protein and DNA, DNA is the blueprint for the organism, contains the information to make and run the organism.

Question 13

Vesicles

Answer 13

Small membrane bound bubble within the cell. Transport and or stores materials inside the cell and sometimes help these materials cross the cell membrane to enter or exit the cell.

Question 14

Nucleolus

Answer 14

Found in the nucleus and the biggest structure in it. Contains the genes the produce RNA portions of ribosomes. *classroom - ribosomes are created

Question 15

Ribosomes

Answer 15

consist pf two sub unites the large sub unit and small sub unit. Composed of proteins and RNA + produces proteins *teachers - produce proteins

Question 16

Lysosomes

Answer 16

Small double membrane bound organelle filed with enzymes produced by the Golgi apparatus. Contains digestive enzymes and break down excess or worn out cell parts. *cleaners - break down waste and cleans

Question 17

Golgi Body

Answer 17

modifies fats and proteins and packages them and send them to other parts of the cells or for use outside the cell *school shop - items are organized and packaged

Question 18

Key Difference’s Between Animal Cell and Plant Cell

Answer 18

• centriole mostly in animal cells
• chloroplast only in plant cells
• cell wall only in plant cell

Question 19

Describe the different structural forms of DNA (chromatin, chromosome, double helix) (sister chromatids, centriole, spindle fibers)

Answer 19

• chromatin -> found in the nucleus, complex of protein and DNA, DNA is the blueprint for the organism, contains the information to make and run the organism.
• chromosome -> in a cell nucleus. a thread like structure made mostly of DNA
• double helix -> DNA forms a long winding shape called a helix a helix can have two main strands so its a double helix.
• sister chromatids -> two identical copies of one cromosome connected by a centromere
• centriole -> cell structure that creates and organizes spindle fibers
  -spindle fibers -> cell structure that attach to sister chromatids at the centromere in order to pull them apart.

Question 20

Explain how A, T, C and G make up the genetic code and how they control the function of the cell

Answer 20

the order in which the A,T,C and G building blocks are strung together is called the genetic code. The genetic code is different in every individual (except identical twins). This code is a “message” that determines the production of specific proteins, which combine to make the organism function.

Question 21

Know the correct bonding of the nucleotides A to T and G to C

Answer 21

Adenine (A) always matches with Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) always matches with guanine (G)

Question 22

Describe how genes code for proteins and why proteins are so important

Answer 22

DNA contains segments called genes, most genes provide the cell with instructions for making proteins using a code, each protein is designed to carry out a specific job (ex; building parts of the body)

Gene = a segment of DNA that controls protein production
DNA = material found in the cell nucleus that contains genetic information

Question 23

Explain what a karyotype is, how it is arranged, and what information it can give about a person

Answer 23

A karyotype is a picture of all of an organisms chromosomes lined up in pairs.

Arranged -Two chromosomes specify sex, XX for female and XY for male. The rest are arranged in pairs, numbered 1 through 22, from largest to smallest

info - can tell you if you have a full set of chromones which can tell you if you have down syndrome etc. also it can tell you the gender if XX female and if XY male

Question 24

list the 3 key reasons why cells need to divide

Answer 24

• tissue scaring
• organism growing
• cells get to big

Question 25

name and describe what happens during the 4 phases of mitosis, Interphase, and Cytokinesis

Answer 25

Mitosis P - Prophase: the replicated chromones coil in various ways until they are finally condensed and thick enough to be visible using a light microscope. The membrane around the nucleus begins to break down and the nucleoles disappears. Two organelles called centrosomes head towards opposite ends of the cell. Extending from the centrosomes spindle fibers begin to form. The spindle fibers continue to form and extend away from the centrosomes towards the centromeres on each chromosome. (simply - the phase of mitosis in which sister chromatids condense and the chromosomes become visible) M - Metaphase: the centrosomes reach the opposite ends of the cell. The cromomses line up along the center of the cell. Spindle fibers all the way from the centrosomes to the centromeres Each centromere become attached to two spindle fibers *one from each ends. (simply - the chromosomes are aligned across the center of the cell) A - Anaphase: the phase of mitosis in which the centromere splits apart and the chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell by the spindle fibers. T - telophase: The spindle fibers start to disappear. Membranes form around two daughter nuclei, on at each end of the cell. Within each nucleus a nucleolus appears and the chromosomes become less coiled and harder to see. (simply the phase in mitosis in which two daughter nuclei are formed)

Question 26

explain WHY mitosis is a necessary process

Answer 26

Mitosis is a necessary process as it is the reason why a embryo can grow into a baby than into a full grown adult, but it also continues throughout life to repair the body or replace cells that have died

Question 27

describe the various steps of the cell cycle and how the checkpoints control the cell cycle

Answer 27

Cell cycle checkpoints - a point in the life of a cell when proteins determine weather cell division should or should not occur After growth and preparation the "police" checks to make sure the cell does not lack nutrient to support its growth and to make sure the DNA is not damages if it is the cell must be destroyed. Between continued growth and preparation and mitosis the "police" checks that the DNA is replicated and the DNA is not damaged if it is the cell must be repaired or destroyed. After Mitosis the "police" check to make sure the chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers in metaphase and make sure all of the chromosomes have moved to the poles in anaphase - if so the cell must be repaired or destroyed. *police are specialized proteins the act like stop signs - in general cell division will not occur if there are not enough nutrients to support cell growth, if the DNA has not replicated, and or if the DNA is damaged.

Question 28

provide labels with the appropriate terms for diagrams of: i) animal cells ii) plant cells iii) mitosis

Answer 28

N/A

Question 29

draw a labelled diagram for each of the 4 stages of mitosis

Answer 29

N/A

Question 30

name and describe what happens during Interphase

Answer 30

Interphase (growth and prep 1, synthesis, growth and prep 2, mitosis) - periods of growth in the life of a cell, consists of two growth stages and a stage of DNA replication ^in this stage cells do whatever activities they are designed to do, it also does the things that all cells do and DNA replicates to prepare for cell division.

Question 31

name and describe what happens during Cytokinesis

Answer 31

Cytokinesis: The division of the rest of the cell In animals cells -> cytoplasm pinches off into 2 new daughter cells In plant cells -> deposit of cellulose form a cell plate between 2 new daughter cells becoming the cell wall.