Biology Part Two Flashcards
(26 cards)
Red Blood Cells
- Contain Hemoglobin that carries oxygen in blood
- are smooth so that they can easily pass through the blood vessels
*no what they look like too (can find in binder)
Skin Cells
- fit together tightly to cover the outside of the body
- protect the cells inside and reduces water loss
*no what they look like too (can find in binder)
Bone Cells
- collect calcium from food
- allow the growth and repair of bones
*no what they look like too (can find in binder)
Muscle cells
- are arranged in bundles called muscle fibers
- can contract which makes the fibers shorter and causes bones to move
*no what they look like too (can find in binder)
White Blood Cells
- Can move like an amoeba to engulf bacteria and fight infection
*no what they look like too (can find in binder)
Sperm Cell
- are able to move independently
- carry DNA from the male parent to join an egg from the female parent
*no what they look like too (can find in binder)
Fat Cells
- have a large vacuole in which to store fat molecules
- how cells store chemical energy
*no what they look like too (can find in binder)
Nerve Cells
- are long, thin and have many branches
- conduct electrical impulses to coordinate body activity
*no what they look like too (can find in binder)
Photophore Cells
- can emit light
- are used by animals that are active at night or live deep in the ocean
*no what they look like too (can find in binder)
Do all cells look the same? Why or Why Not?
No their structure affects their job and how well they can do it.
Cell Specialization
Cell Specialization - When Cells perform a specific function for a tissue or a organ
Factors That Effect Cell Specialization:
- The contents of the Cytoplasm (example - one cells might have more mitochondria than another cell)
- Environmental Factors - changes in temp, the presence of nutrients and the supply of oxygen affect how genes are expressed
- influence of neighboring cells *biggest influence on what a cell will become - When cells are close together the substances produced by one cell can diffuse through a neighboring cells membrane. These substances can change how the information in the genes of the second cell get expressed.
Cell Differentiation
Cell Differentiation - the process by which a less specialized cell develops into a more specialized cell that has a distinct form and function.
As cells mature, do more genes get turned on or off? Why?
Process called methylation ages the DNA and this can turn of the gene coding. Eventually, so many genes get turned off that the cell stops dividing and lives as a mature, specialized cell. Cells that experience similar conditions become specialized to do similar jobs.
Stem Cells and the 3 types
a unspecialized cell that can produce various types of specialized cells. They can either form specialized cells or they can stay unspecialized and keep dividing for long periods of time.
- Totipotent Stem Cells (before an embryo is 5 days old) can become any type of cell, cell division begins within 24 hours (toti for total)
- Pluripotent Stem Cells ( early development, fetus) can produce many types of cells but not all. (pluri for plural)
- Adult Stem Cells (late in development and after birth) can produce only specific types of cells. For example, only skin stem cells can be used to repair skin.
Tissues *animal cell
Tissues are a group of cells that have similar structure and function together as a unit. 4 main tissue types in the body:
- Muscle Tissues - controls movement of a organism ex; smooth muscles
- Nervous Tissues - coordinates and controls body activities ex; neurons aka nerve cells
- Connective tissues - support, protects, and provides structure to other tissues and organs ex; bones
- Epithelial Tissues - boundary between dif/ environments and protects the underlying tissues ex; skin.
Anology:
Never -> nervous tissues
Ever -> Epithelial tissues
Call -> connective tissues
Me -> muscle tissues
Stem Cells in Plants
- Undifferentiated stem cells are called meristematic.
- They are often referred to as permanent embryos due to their ability to make cells that can become any tissue or organ.
- In plants new organs form perodically <- word spelled wrong
- New leaves are made when old ones no longer work
efficiently - roots are always growing to get water and minerals from
the soil.
- New leaves are made when old ones no longer work
There are 3 main tissues types in a plant.
- Dermal Tissue (like epithelial tissues in animals) Outermost covering of the plants organs and protects the inner tissues. Controls the exchange of nutrients between the plant and its external environment. Ex; Epidermis
- Ground Tissue - food creation (photosynthesis) or storage and support. Ex; roots and leaves
- Vascular Tissue - Transportation of water, minerals and food - Xylem: dead tubular cells used to transport water and minerals from the roots - Phloem living tubular cells used to transport sugar from the leaves.
Analogy
Do -> Dermal Tissue
Very -> Vascular Tissue
Good -> Ground Tissue
What is an organ?
A combination of several types of tissue working together to perform a specific function.
What is an organ system?
Root system and Shoot system make up a organ system.
A plants shoot system consist of organs above the ground while its root system consists of organs below the ground.
Root System: organ system in a plant which takes in water + minerals from soil and transports theses substances to the shoot system.
Shoot System: Organ system in plants which supports the plant, forms photosynthesis and transports sap.
Analogy for an organ system - a factory has many departments working on specific jobs - organ system made up of organs working to do a specific job.
Circulatory System Organs Key Features and Functions in animals - watch khan academy video for more info
- Arteries carry blood from the heart to all the body parts
- veins carry blood from body parts back to the heart.
- capillaries - microspic blood vessels branching from arteries - gases co2 and o2 can defuse trough wall
- heart consists of two pumps
-right side pumps blood to the lung were it is
oxygenated and returned to the heart (pulmonary
circulation)
- the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
and pumps it throughout the rest of the body after
which returns to the heart (systemic circulation)
* four chambers of heart separate oxygenated blood
and deoxygenated blood.
*more info in note and Ven diagram
Respiratory System Organs Key Features and Functions in Animals
The organs of the respiratory system are responsible for the body’s gas exchange in, bringing oxygen into the body and getting rid of carbon dioxide. The respiratory system is connected to the circulatory system. One system could not do its work without proper functioning of the other.
- lungs are a pair of organs inside the rib cage, the exchange of CO2 and oxygen occurs in lungs, lungs draw in air while CO2 is exhaled.
Respiratory system consist of lungs and many airways.
- Alveoli tiny air sack located within the lungs take in oxygen and exhale CO2.
Mainly focus on lungs and alveoli
*more info in note and Ven diagram
Circulatory System Organs Key features and Functions in Plants.
Xylem -> mostly transports water and minerals (one way - upward direction) contains “tracheid’s <- spelt wrong” and vessels which are dead. The pressure from roots and leaves cause water and minerals to go up from the roots to the leaves. The transportation happens automatically due to factors like the sun.
Phloem -> transports food and moves both up and down depending on what part of the plant needs the food. Contains sieve tubes that are alive and sucks water from xylem which increases pressure. Companion cells Korps cells are alive.
*more info in note and Ven diagram
Medical Imaging - X-Ray
How does it work?
An X-ray machine contains a pair of electrodes called a cathode and an anode. The cathode is a filament that releases energy in the form of electrons when an electrical current is applied. These electrons are attracted to the anode, a tungsten disc, where they release energy as photons. The photons are directed through a lead cylinder and filters, and the X-ray machine focuses the energy beam on a specific area of the patient’s body.
When do you use it?
You use it when you need to focus the X-ray energy on a specific area of the patient’s body. As the X-ray energy passes through the body, photons reach the film and cause a chemical reaction. Areas where the energy passes through appear black on the film. Areas where the energy is absorbed by bones appear white.
*watch video from may 26th for more info or look in note
*now how to identify what they look like to
Medical Imaging - CT or Cat scan (computerized Axial Tomography)
How does it work?
A CT scan uses a specialized X-ray to create cross-sectional images of the body. The patient lies on a bed that moves slowly through a tunnel with a scanner. The scanner has an X-ray emitter and receiver positioned 180° apart, which rotate around the patient. At each stop, X-rays are sent and received from many angles, and a computer creates an image of a body slice.
When do you use it?
You use it when a detailed, cross-sectional image of the body is needed. As the bed moves, the scanner rotates and collects data from multiple angles. Each rotation captures a different slice of the body. This helps in examining specific internal areas more precisely. CT can also be used to image the head in order to locate injuries, tumors, clots leading to stroke, hemorrhage, and other conditions.
*watch video from may 26th for more info or look in note
*now how to identify what they look like to
Medical Imaging - Ultrasound
How Does It Work?
An ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to view internal anatomy. A transducer is placed on the abdomen and moved gently while sending sound waves into the body. These waves echo off internal structures like the fetus. A computer interprets the echoes and displays them as images on a monitor.
When Do You Use It?
It’s used during pregnancy to monitor the fetus. Routine ultrasounds help a physician examine the fetus and track its development. The procedure is safe and non-invasive. It allows ongoing evaluation throughout the 9-month pregnancy.
*watch video from may 26th for more info or look in note
*now how to identify what they look like to
