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Biology > Biology 112 Lab Final > Flashcards

Biology 112 Lab Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two basic types of microscope?

A

Light microscope

Electron microscope

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2
Q

What are some things light microscopes show?

A

can observe single cells
cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm

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3
Q

What are some things electron microscopes show?

A

Golgi
Er
Mitochondria

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4
Q

Why does electron microscope have higher resolution than light?

A

shorter wavelength allows smaller objects to be observed

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5
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopes?

A

Scanning

Transmission

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6
Q

What does the scanning electron microscope observe?

A

Surface

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7
Q

What does the transmission electron microscope observe?

A

Internal “parts”

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8
Q

How does fluorescent microscopy work?

A

fluorescent antibodies or dyes to observe SPECIFIC parts of the cell

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9
Q

What is the optical lens of the microscope and what magnification?

A

the eye piece and 10X

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10
Q

What are the objective lenses?

A

The lenses through which the subject is magnified?

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11
Q

What is the magnification of the objective lenses?

A

4X, 10X, 45X, and 100X

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12
Q

What is the total magnification of the eye piece and objective lenses?

A

40X, 100X, 450X, 1000X

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13
Q

What are the functions muscles are responsible for? (2)

A 
body movement
organ motion (heart beat)
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14
Q

What type of shape do muscle cells often have?

A

cylindrical shape

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15
Q

What are muscle cells often called?

A

muscle fibers

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16
Q

What are the 3 main types of muscle?

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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17
Q

What is the length of a muscle cell?

A

length of the muscle

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18
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of muscle cells?

A

periphery nuclei (along outside)

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19
Q

What type of look do muscle cells have?

A

striated

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20
Q

What are the levels of organization of skeletal muscle tissue going from biggest to smallest?

A

muscle, muscle fiber bundle, individual muscle fiber, fibrils, single myofibril, sarcomere portion

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21
Q

What is the sarcomere composed of?

A

I band, A band, Z line, thick and thin filaments

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22
Q

What is the thin filament of a sarcomere called?

A

actin

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23
Q

What is the thick filament of the sarcomere called?

A

myosin

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24
Q

In muscle contraction what happens to the filaments?

A

They slide together

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25
What is muscular dystrophy?
X-linked disorder | muscle weakness, wasting, degeneration, mutant dystrophin gene
26
What is dystophin?
A protein associated with the sarcolemma that binds actin and stabilizes the membrane during contraction
27
What are the steps of scientific method?
1) ask questions 2) research 3) develop hypothesis 4) design experiment 5) predict outcome of the experiment 6) collect data 7) organize results 8) discussion 9) revise hypothesis 10) design new experiment 11) share findings
28
What makes a good hypothesis?
must have research before proposed | must be specific and testable
29
T/F | A hypothesis can be proven
F | the data either supports or didn't support the hypothesis
30
What is an independent variable?
One variable that the scientist manipulates
31
What is a dependent variable?
the variables the scientist measures
32
What is a controlled variable?
variables that are kept constant and not changed
33
What is a positive control?
treatment that SHOULD give a positive result
34
What is a negative control?
treatment that SHOULD give you a negative/no result
35
Why are yeast cells a good model system?
inexpensive easy to grow similar to humans (genome, eukaryotic) much is known about them
36
Where is cardiac muscle found?
Only in the walls of the heart
37
What is the function of cardiac muscle?
To contract and propel blood through blood vessels to other parts of the body
38
What are some features of Cardiac Muscle Cell?
``` Striated shorter than skeletal central located nuclei have only 1 or 2 nuclei more mitrochondria intercalated disks ```
39
What is intercalated disks?
cardiac muscle cells at junctions
40
What are the phases of a growth graph?
Lag-initial adaption Log- major growth Stationary-death=growth Death- death > growth
41
What is anaerobic metabolism?
No oxygen is present so uses the process of fermentation
42
What process was used to measure glucose?
assay
43
Where is smooth muscle cells found?
body "tubes - airways - blood vessels - intestine
44
What is the function of smooth muscle?
muscle contraction that moves stuff through the tube
45
What is the lumen?
the inside of the tube
46
What are the three layers of tissue lining the lumen?
Epithelial Connective Smooth
47
What is the shape of smooth muscle cells?
Spindle shaped
48
What are features of smooth muscle cells?
single, central nuclei surrounded by connective tissue NO striations myofibrils are present
49
What is hypertension and atherosclerosis?
thickening of the vessel walls increasing blood pressure
50
What are the byproducts of fermentation?
carbon dioxide | ethanol
51
What are the 4 major types of tissue?
muscle connective epithelial neurons
52
What are the 4 categories of connective tissue?
connective tissue proper cartilage bone blood
53
What are the functions of connective tissue?
connect protect insulate transport
54
What are defining characteristics of connective tissue?
secretory cells -produce collage, calcium phosphate, antibodies Few cells and a LOT of extracellular material
55
What is fibroblasts?
One type of connective tissue cell
56
What is a defining characteristic of fibroblasts?
nucleus lots of RER and Golgi forms tendons/ligaments
57
Why is there lots of Golgi and RER?
secrete collagen
58
What structure does collagen have?
triple helix
59
What is Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?
Rare, genetic disorder | hyperelasticity of skin, hypermobility of joints
60
What causes Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?
cause is defective collagen fibrils
61
Tendons appear what under light microscope?
wavy/ ribbon like | resembles skeletal muscle but no striations
62
What type of tissue is blood?
connective
63
Blood has what 3 main categories of cells?
red blood cells neutrophils lymphocytes
64
What is another name for RBC?
erythrocytes
65
What is the function of RBC?
Gas transport
66
What is the O2 gas carried by?
hemoglobin
67
What is hmoglobin?
IRON-containing protein that makes up over 90% of the non-water weight of the RBC
68
What is Anemia?
caused by low levels of RBCs or hemoglobin
69
What is some features of RBC?
no nucleus | inner tube shape
70
What is a neutrophil?
most abundant of the white blood cells
71
What is the function of neutrophil?
neutrophils migrate to site of infection and engulf microorganisims
72
What part of neutrophil helps in its function?
lysozomes in cytoplasm
73
What are some features of the neutrophil under light microscope?
lobed nucleus
74
What is some features of the neutrophil under electron microscope
dense granules | plasma membrane extensions
75
What is a lymphocyte?
2nd most abundant category of WBC
76
What is the function of lymphocyte?
produce antibodies that bind foreign particles during immune response -kill infected cells
77
What are some features of the lymphocyte?
non-granular cytoplasm | large round nucleus
78
What is lymphoma?
uncontrolled growth of lymphocytes
79
What type of tissue is adipose?
connective
80
How much of human body mass does adipose comprise?
15%
81
What is the function of adipose?
insulation and protection
82
What are the cells that make up adipose tissue?
adipocytes
83
What two things are adipocytes challenged in?
cytoplasm and organelles
84
What is adipocytes mainly comprised of?
lipid droplets composed of triglycerides
85
What is leptin?
a hormone secreted by adipocytes that regulates appetite
86
Where are epithelial cells found in the body tubes?
lining the lumen
87
What are some general characteristics of epithelial tissue?
lots of cells no extracellular material held together by tight junctions
88
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
forms lining of body tubes protection:skin absoption
89
Classification of epithelial tissue | 1 layer:
simple
90
epithelial tissue | >1 layer
stratified
91
What is flattened epithelial cell?
squamous
92
What is cube epithelial cell?
cuboidal
93
What is tall epithelial cell?
columnar
94
What is the epididymus?
Where sperm matures and is stored
95
What is the overall goal of pGLO
take the GFP gene that has been cloned from jellyfish and transform it into bacteria
96
What does GFP stand for?
Green fluorescent protein
97
What does GFP look like?
cylindrical with chromophore in center
98
What is the source of the green glow?
chromophore
99
How many amino acids make up chromophore?
3
100
What organism is the GFP gene isolated from?
jellyfish
101
Before the GFP gene can be placed into bacteria why does analysis need to be done?
To make sure the gene isolated is really the GFP gene
102
What are the two techniques used to analyze DNA?
restriction enzymes | gel elctrophoresis
103
What is the process of restriction enzymes?
enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences of bases
104
What are the sequences where restriction enzymes cut called?
restriction sites
105
What is the process of gel electrophoresis?
technique to separate DNA fragments based on size by charges
106
What is the plasmid in which GFP is contained?
pGLO
107
What is a plasmid?
circular piece of DNA common in bacteria that is used as carriers for genes
108
What is agarose made from?
purified from the cell walls of red algae
109
What is the electrophoresis gel made of?
agarose
110
Why do we need DNA standards in gel electrophoresis?
Need to have known to compare with
111
What is the nervous system comprised of?
brain spinal cord nerves
112
What is the purpose of the nervous system?
regulate and control bodily functions
113
What is the nervous system made up of?
nervous tissue
114
Nervous tissue is made up of 2 cell types....
Neurons | Glial cells
115
What are neurons?
able to communicate between brain and other cells
116
What are glial cells?
provide support to neurons (glial means glue)
117
What is the structure of a neuron?
Cell Body Dendrites Axons
118
What is contained in cell body of neuron?
organelles | nucleus
119
What is the function of dendrites?
Receive signals from "upstream"
120
What is function of axon?
Transmits signal "downstream" to other cells
121
How many axons per neuron?
1
122
What is a synapse?
Junction between axon terminal and another cell
123
How do the vesicles carrying the neurotransmitters get from the cell body all the way to the axon terminal?
transport on mircrotubules by motor proteins
124
What are some neurodegenrative diseases?
multiple sclerosis parkinsons alzheimers
125
What is a schwann cell?
type of glial cell
126
What is the function of schwann cell?
Insulate axons of neurons
127
How does schwann cell insulate axon?
wraps around axon, and the nucleus of schwann cell stays on outside
128
What is produced by Schwann cells?
myelin
129
What does the Schwann cell for around the axon?
myelin Sheath
130
What is Multiple Sclerosis?
Demyelinating disease | myelin sheaths of axons in the brain and spinal cord are destroyed
131
What does multiple sclerosis lead to?
physical disabilities, speech weakness, vision problems
132
What is another name for liver cells?
Hepatocytes
133
What are two facts about the liver?
2nd largest organ in the body | Largest gland in the body
134
What are some functions of the liver?
1) receives nutrients in blood 2) produces bile that aids in digestion of fats 3) breaks down toxic substances and metabolizes drugs 4) storage of glucose as glycogen 5) production of fatty acids 6) synthesize cholesterol 7) synthesize blood plasma proteins
135
What structure does liver cells have?
ribbon-like
136
What is hepatocytes low power?
hepatocytes radiate from central vein
137
What is sinusoid?
Large capillary (blood vessel) that empties into central vein
138
Under the electron microscope, what can be seen for liver?
Observe MANY organelles: 1) granules containing glycogen 2) rough ER 3) Smooth ER 4) Mitochondria
139
What is the Role of Smooth ER in glycogen metabolism
Removes phosphate from glucose 6P before it leaves smooth ER
140
What is Hepatitis (inflammation)?
caused by viruses
141
What is Cirrhosis?
fibrous tissue replaced dead cells, caused by alcoholism
142
What is the pancreas?
Part of digestive system
143
What are the two types of functions of the pancreas?
Exocrine | Endocrine
144
What is the Exocrine function of the pancreas?
Acinar cells
145
What are acinar cells/ function?
Secretes enzymes by way of large, dense secretory vesicles | -called proteases and they degrade proteins
146
What do acinar cells contain?
lots of rough ER
147
How do acinar cells work?
vesicles deliver enzymes into duct that leads to small intestine
148
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
alpha and beta cells are scattered in the pancreas and are surrounded by acinar cells
149
What is another name for the alpha and beta cells?
Islets of Langerhans
150
What is a unique difference between Islets of Langerhans and acinar?
Islet of Langerhans has smaller, less dense secretory vesicles
151
What is the function of Islets of Langerhans?
Secretes hormones into ECF
152
What does the beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans secrete?
insulin
153
What does the alpha cells of the islets of langerhans secrete?
glucogen
154
What is a disease of the beta cells?
diabetes fails to secrete insulin
155
What is the bacteria of the sequenced genome we are working on?
Pedobacter heparinus
156
What are some facts about Pedobacter heparinus?
free living soil bacterium metaboliz heparin as sole carbon source 4,500 protein coding genes

Biology (6 decks)

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