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Biology Quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of microscopes?

A

Electron Microscope

Light Microscope

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2
Q

What can be seen in the light microscope?

A

Can observe single cells
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

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3
Q

What can be observed through electron microscope?

A

Can observe cellular organelles like:
Golgi
ER
Mitochondria

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4
Q

Why does electron microscope have higher resolution than light?

A

Shorter Wavelength that allows smaller objects to be observed
(the shorter the wavelength the better the image)

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5
Q

What are the two types of Electron Microscopes?

A

Scanning

Transmission

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6
Q

What does a scanning electron microscope observe and what type of picture is given?

A

The surface (3-D)

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7
Q

What does a transmission electron microscope observe and what type of picture is given?

A

Internal “parts” organelles (2-D)

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8
Q

How does Transmission EM view and display image? (what is used ex light in light microscope)

A

A series of lenses pass an electron beam through specimen and show 2-D image

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9
Q

How does Fluorescent Microscope work?

A

Uses fluorescent antibodies or dyes to observe specific parts of the cell

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10
Q

*Know anatomy of light microscope

A

KNOW IT

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11
Q

What is the magnification of the optical lens (eye piece)

A

10X

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12
Q

What are the objectives lenses and what size?

A

Lenses are the lenses viewed through sizes are 4, 10, 45, 100

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13
Q

What is the total magnification of the objective and eye piece

A

40X, 100X, 450X, 1000X

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14
Q

What is the body tube?

A

Long tube that houses eye piece

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15
Q

What is the nose piece?

A

Attachment point for the objectives

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16
Q

What is the Iris type diaphragm?

A

Control the diameter of the condenser and amount of light

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17
Q

What is the condenser?

A

converges the light rays into a focus beneath object

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18
Q

What is the illuminator?

A

Provides a light source to show through the object (trans illuminate)

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19
Q

What is the Base?

A

Bottom of the microscope

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20
Q

What is the fine adjustment Knob

A

Fine adjustment of focus

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21
Q

What is the coarse adjustment knob

A

coarse adjustment of focus

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22
Q

What is the stage?

A

platform on which the object is transilluminated

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23
Q

What is the slide clip?

A

Hold the slide in place during observation

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24
Q

What is the object?

A

Specimen under observation

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25
What is the objective?
one of four separate lenses which magnify the image to varying degrees
26
What does parfocal mean?
Focus one and switch to any one of the others and it will stay in focus
27
What is the arm?
the bent part of the microscope which holds the lens system above the object.
28
What is the pointer?
Thin strip of metal located in the body tube. It appears in the field and is useful to point
29
What is the eyepiece?
a second lens usually 10X
30
What is the pointer width for 40X magnification
160 um
31
What is the pointer width for 100X magnification?
65 um
32
What is the pointer width for 450X magnification?
15 um
33
What are muscles responsible for?
Body Movement Organ motion (heart beat) Heat (ATP)
34
What shape do muscle cells often have?
oblong cylindrical shape sometimes called "fibers"
35
What are the 3 main types of muscle tissue and where are they found?
Skeletal (attached to bones) Cardiac (heart) Smooth (surround body tubes)
36
How long are muscle cells?
As long as the muscle
37
Do muscle cells have little or many nuclei?
MANY to keep up with the large demands of the cell
38
Where are nuclei located?
PERIPHERY (edge of the cell)
39
What are key characteristics of muscle cell?
striated many nuclei nuclei found on edge of cell no cytoplasm, filled with fibers
40
What is the level of organization of skeletal muscle tissue?
``` muscle bundle of muscle fibers individual muscle fibers myofibrils single myofibrils portion of myofibril (sarcomere- filaments) ```
41
What is Sarcomere?
(Striations in muscle tissue) Includes Z line, I band, A band, thick filaments
42
What is the Sarcolemma?
Plasma Membrane
43
What is the Sarcoplasm?
Cytoplasm
44
What is a disease that occurs in skeletal muscle
Muscular Dystrophy
45
What is muscular dystrophy?
X linked disorder (males get) | Muscle weakness, wasting, degeneration
46
What are the thin/ light filaments in Skeletal muscle?
Actin (string of pearl look)
47
What are the dark/ thick filaments?
Myacin (golf club look)
48
What is the name of the protein associated with the sarcolemma that binds actin and stabilizes the membrane during muscle contraction?
dystrophin
49
What makes up collagen?
Fibroblasts
50
What are the 11 steps of scientific method?
1) Ask Questions 2) RESEARCH 3) develop hypotheses 4) design an experiment to test the hypothesis 5) predict outcome 6) collect data 7) organize data =results 8) discussion/ explanations 9) revise original hypothesis 10) design new experiment 11) share findings
51
T/F A hypothesis CAN be proven
False. It is only supported or not supported
52
What is an independent variable?
One variable that a scientist manipulates
53
What is a dependent variable?
Variables that are measured
54
What is a controlled variable?
Variable that is kept constant and not changed
55
Why do we use model systems?
more ethical cost effective similar to humans
56
Why is yeast a good model system?
``` cheap easy to grow similar to humans -eukaryotic -25% of genome is same Much is known ```
57
What does the spectrometer measure?
The amount of light that passes through a culture
58
Where are Cardiac Muscle cells found?
ONLY in the walls of the heart
59
What is the function of Cardiac muscle cells
Contractions of these muscle cells help propel blood through the blood vessels to the other parts of the body
60
Cardiac Muscle Cell Features
Striated (like skeletal) Shorter in length than skeletal Central located nuclei Have 1 or 2 nuclei Have more mitochondria than skeletal muscle join other cardiac muscle cells at junctions called intercalated disks
61
What is a disease that is associated with cardiac muscle
Myocardial Infarction
62
What happens to the muscle after myocardial infarction?
lack intracellular striations, thick and irregularly shaped nuclei and scar tissue is formed
63
What are the different phases that can be determined on a graph?
Lag Log Stationary Death
64
What is the Lag Phase
Cells adapting to environment
65
What is the Log Phase?
The rapid growth in cells over a short period of time
66
What is the stationary phase?
Cells die and grow at a similar rate
67
What is the death phase?
Cells rapidly die and stop growing
68
What is quantitative data?
Numbers
69
What do intercalated disks allow?
To contract all at one time and in unison so not to tremor
70
What do gap junctions allow?
ions to pass through, calcium to bind to channels
71
How many distinct chemicals reactions occurr in trinder reagent ?
2
72
What is the most complex muscle cell type?
Smooth
73
Where is smooth muscle found?
body tubes, hollow organs, veins, arteries, capillaries, airways, intestines
74
What is the smooth muscle's function?
Move things through tubes | -blood, air, food
75
What are the parts of the body tube (going from inside to outside)
Lumen epithelial connective smooth muscle
76
What shape does smooth muscle have?
spindle
77
What are defining elements of smooth muscle?
``` actin myacin crossbars central nuclei no striations surrounded by connective tissue myofibrils are present but loosely organized ```
78
What is a disease we talked about that relates to this muscle?
Hypertension/ Atherosclerosis
79
What is hypertension and atherosclerosis?
the thickening of the vessel walls, build up of plaque in blood vessel and high blood pressure
80
What are the products of glucose fermentation?
CO2 and ethanol
81
What are the 4 major categories of Tissue Types?
Muscle Connective Epithelial Neurons
82
What are the 4 categories of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper (tendons) Cartilage Bone Blood
83
What major tissue type is most abundant?
Connective tissue
84
What are functions of connective tissue?
Connection Protection Insulation/Energy Storage Transport
85
What are defining characteristics of connective tissue?
``` Secretory cells -produce collagen -produce calcium phosphate -produce antibodies Few Cells Lots of extra cellular material ```
86
What are fibroblasts
One type of connective tissue cell that forms tendons and ligaments
87
Defining aspects of fibroblasts?
One nucleus | Lots of Rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi
88
What shape is collagen?
triple helix
89
What disease/ syndrome is associated with collagen and fibroblasts?
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
90
What is Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome?
Rare genetic disorder hyper-elasticity of the skin and hyper-mobility of the joints Defective collagen fibrils
91
Tendons resemble skeletal muscle except what?
no striations

Biology (6 decks)

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