Biology Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
Sustainable Development
A
Development providing for the needs of an increasing human population without harming the environment.
2
Q
Sustainable Resource
A
A resource which is produced as rapidly as it is removed from the environment so that it does not run out.
3
Q
2 ways how Nitrogen is converted to into Nitrates
A
1) Nitrogen fixing bacteria
2) Lightning can fix N2 Gas
4
Q
Nitrification
A
Nitrifying Bacteria convert the ammonium compounds (from urea or protein) into Nitrites then to Nitrates which can be absorbed by plants.
5
Q
Denitrifying Bacteria
A
These bacteria take nitrates out of the soil and convert them back to N2 Gas in poorly aerated soil (less oxygen)
6
Q
Cornea
A
Transparent Lens that refracts (bends) light as it enters the eye
7
Q
Iris
A
Controls how much light enters the pupil
8
Q
Lens
A
Transparent Disc that can change shape to focus light onto the retina.
9
Q
Retina
A
Contains light receptor cells - rods (detect light intensity) and cones (detect colour).
10
Q
Optic nerve
A
Sensory neurone that carries impulses between the eye and the brain
11
Q
Consequences of Intensive Livestock Farming
A
Reduction in Biodiversity
Soil Erosion
Methane
12
Q
Factors that can cause Famine
A
Natural Disasters
Increasing Population
Poverty
Unequal food distribution
13
Q
Monoculture Consequences
A
Lower biodiversity
Increase in pest populations
Negative effects of Insecticides
14
Q
Improving Food Production
A
Agricultural Machinery
Chemical Fertilizers
Insecticides and Herbicides
Selective Breeding
15
Q
Cause of Habitat Destrution
A
Economic activities and pollution from Economic Activities
16
Q
Bad effects of Deforestation
A
Biodiversity Loss
Soil Erosion
Flooding
Increases CO2
17
Q
Causes of Pollution
A
Untreated Sewage Chemical Waste Discarded Rubbish (plastic) Fertilisers Insecticides and Herbicides Nuclear Fallout Methane Carbon Dioxide
18
Q
Plastic in Marine Habitats
A
Animals often try to eat plastic
Releases toxins when it breaks down
Ingested as micro plastics
19
Q
Plastic on Land
A
Burying in landfills.
Releases toxins and landfill is not good for agriculture.
20
Q
Negative Effects of Female Contraceptive hormones
A
Cause Feminisation in Male organisms like frogs (they start producing eggs and lose the ability to reproduce)
Smaller offspring produced and food chains are disrupted
Hormones can reduce sperm count in Human Males which cause fertility problems
21
Q
Movement
A
An action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change in position
22
Q
Respiration
A
The chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism
23
Q
Sensitivity
A
The ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal and external environment and to make appropriate response
24
Q
Growth
A
A permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both
25
Excretion
Removal from organisms of the waste products of Metabolism, toxic materials and substances in excess of requirements
26
Nutrition
Taking in of materials for energy, growth and development.
| Plants require light, CO2, water and ions while animals need organic compounds, ions and usually need water
27
Species
Group of organisms that can produce fertile offspring
28
Sequence of Classification
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species
29
Main features of Animal Kingdom
Multicellular
Nucleus but no chlorophyll or cell wall
Feed on organic substances made by other beings
30
Main features of fungi
Usually Multicellular
Have nuclei and cell wall made from chitin
Feed by saprophytic or parasitic nutrition
31
Prokaryotes
Often unicellular
Have cell walls made from peptidoglycan
No nucleus and mitochondria
32
Crustaceans
More than 4 pairs of jointed legs
Chalky exoskeleton formed from Calcium
Breathe through gills
2 pairs of antennae
33
Arachnids
4 pairs of jointed legs
Body segmented into cephalothorax and abdomen
Breathe through gills called book lungs
No antennae
34
Insects
3 pairs of jointed legs
Body segmented into Head, Thorax and Abdomen
1 pair of Antennae
2 pairs of wings which could be vestigial
35
Myriapods
Many segments
Each segment has at least one pair of jointed legs
One pair of antennae
36
Ferns
Leaves called fronds
| Reproduce by spores produced on the underside of the frond
37
Flowering plants
Reproduce sexually by means of flowers and seeds
| Can be divided into 2 groups- Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons
38
Monocotyledons
Flowers contain petals in multiples of 3
| Leaves have parallel leaf veins
39
Dicotyledons
Flowers have petals of multiples of
4 or 5
Leaves have reticulated leaf veins
40
Viruses
Simply genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protein coat.
| Takes over a host cell's metabolic pathways
41
Vesicles
Used to safely transport substances from one part of the cell to another
42
Nucleus
Controls cell division
| Contains genetic material which decides how the cells grow and work
43
Specialised Cells
Cells which have developed certain characteristics in order to perform particular functions
44
Adaptations of Xylem Vessel
No top and bottom walls between xylem vessels, so there is continuous column of water running through them.
Cells are dead without organelles or cytoplasm to allow free passage of water.
Their walls are thickened with a substance called Lignin which means they are able to support the plant
45
Organ
A structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform a specific action
46
Tissue
A group of cells with similar structure, working together to perform a shared function.
47
Organ system
Organ system is a group of organs working with related functions, working together to perform body functions
48
Factors of Diffusion
Surface Area
Temperature
Concentration gradient
Distance
49
Animal cell in Hypertonic Solution
Net movement of water out
| Shrivelled cells
50
Animal Cells in an Isotonic Solution
No net movement of water
| Normal cells
51
Animal cell in Hypotonic solution
Net movement of water in, causing cells swell and it may Lyse (burst)
52
Active Transport
Movement of particles from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration using energy from respiration
53
How protein molecules move particles
Substance combines with carrier protein
Transports substance across membrane using energy from respiration.(by changing shape)
Substance releases into the cell
54
What does Protein contain?
Carbon,Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and trace amounts of Sulphur
55
Limiting Factor
Something present in the environment in such short supply that it restricts life processes
56
Photosynthesis
Process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light
57
Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate
Can be used to adjust CO2 concentration while doing experiment with Pondweed to check photosynthesis
58
3 main limiting factors on Photosynthesis
Temperature
Carbon Dioxide
Light Intensity
59
Hydrogen Carbonate Indicator when there is low concentration of CO2
Purple (usually during day because CO2 is being used up by the leaves for photosynthesis)
60
Hydrogen carbonate indicator when there is high concentration of CO2
Yellow (usually during night when respiration takes place at night, so CO2 is released)
(indicator is red in the control)
61
Function of magnesium in the plant and effects of its deficiency
Magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll and it's deficiency causes Chlorosis;yellowing between the veins of leaves
62
Function of nitrates in the plant and effects of its deficiency
Nitrates are a source of nitrogen for plants needed to make Amino acids. Deficiency causes stunted growth and yellowing of leaves
63
Vitamin D- Function, Sources and Deficiency
Helps body absorb Calcium and so required for strong teeth and bones
Found in liver, fish, egg, dairy products and naturally made by the body in sunlight
Deficiency causes Rickets- Bones are soft and deformed
64
Vitamin C- Function, Sources and Deficiency
Forms an essential part of collagen protein which makes up skin, hair, gums and bones
Citrus Fruit, Strawberries and Green Vegetables
Deficiency causes Scurvy
65
Iron- Function, Sources and Deficiency
Needed to make Haemoglobin.
Red meat, liver, leafy green vegetables
Causes anaemia
66
Calcium- Function, Sources and Deficiency
Needed for strong teeth and bones and involved in the clotting of blood
Milk,cheese,eggs
Osteoporosis later in life
67
Kwashiorkor
PEM
Caused by lack of protein
Distinct swollen abdomen and underweight
Common in children under 2
68
Marasmus
PEM
Lack of both proteins and energy in diet
Much lower body weight and look emaciated
69
6 different stages when passing through alimentary canal
```
Ingestion
Mechanical Digestion
Chemical digestion
Absorption
Assimilation
Egestion
```
70
Absorption
Movement of small food molecules and ions through the wall of small intestine into the blood
71
Assimilation
The movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells.
72
Egestion
The passing out of food that has not been digested or absorbed as faeces through the anus
73
Pancreas
Produces all 3 types of digestive enzymes: Amylase,Protease and Lipase
Secretes enzymes in an alkaline fluid into the duodenum for digestion to raise the pH of fluid coming out of the stomach
74
Gall Bladder
Stores bile to release into the duodenum as required
75
Xylem and Phloem in Leaf and Stem vascular bundle
Xylem is above and Phloem is below for Leaf
| Xylem is towards the middle in stem and root
76
Transpiration
Los of water vapour from plant leaves by evaporation of water at the surfaces of mesophyll cells followed by diffusion of water vapour through the stomata
77
Circulatory system
A system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood.
78
Risk Factors for CHD
```
More saturated fat in diet
History of heart disease in family
More risk for males than females
Increases over age
Increases when more stressed
Nicotine from Smoking increases blood pressure
```
79
Active Immunity
A defence against a pathogen by antibody production in the body
80
Passive Immunity
Short term defense against a pathogen by antibodies acquired from another individual.
81
Muscles during Inspiration or Breathing in
External Intercoastal muscles contracts
the Diaphragm contract and flatten
Ribcage moves up and out
82
Exhalation or Expiration
External Intercoastal Muscles relax
Diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome shaped
Ribcage moves down and in
83
Object far away
Ciliary muscles relaxed
Suspensory ligaments pulled tight
Lens is thinner
84
Aerobic Respiration
Chemical reactions in cells that use oxygen to break down nutrient molecules for energy
85
Anaerobic Respiration
Chemical Reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules to release energy without using oxygen
86
Reflex action or involuntary action
Automatic and rapid response to a stimulus
87
Eye in dim light
```
Photoreceptors detect change
Radial muscles contract
Circular muscles relax
Pupil dilates
More light enters the eye
```
88
Sense organs
Groups of receptor cells responding to a specific stimuli: light,sound,touch, temperature and chemicals
89
Hormone
A chemical substance produced by a gland and carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs.
90
Side effects of anabolic steroids
Increases risks of Heart disease, kidney and liver damage
Affects menstrual cycle in women
Decreases the ability of the immune system
91
Menstruation
Pituitary gland produces FSH which stimulates the development of a follicle in the ovary. An egg develops and causes oestrogen to be produced which inhibits FSH . oestrogen causes growth and repair of the lining of the uterus and causes LH to start being produced . LH causes ovulation to happen. After the egg becomes corpus luteum, Progesterone is produced to maintain the uterus lining. It will continue to produce progesterone until placenta is formed during pregnancy or pregnancy doesnt happen
92
Inheritance
Transmission of genetic information from generation to generation
93
Gene
Short length of DNA that codes for a specific protein
94
Transcription and Translation
DNA unwinds then base code of each gene is transcribed onto a messenger RNA.
THE mRNA carrying copy of gene moves out of the nucleus and passes through a ribosome.
Ribosome codes an amino acid for each triplet of bases.
After amino acid assembly, it is released from ribosome, it folds and forms protein
95
Monohybrid Inheritance
Inheritance of characteristics controlled by a single gene
96
Variation
Differences in individuals of the same species
97
Adaptive feature
Inherited functional features of an organism that increase its fitness
98
Fitness
Probability of an organism surviving and reproducing in the environment it is found.
99
Evolution
Change in adaptive features of a population over time as a result of natural selection
100
Process of Adaptation
Process resulting from natural selection, by which populations become more suited to their environment over many generations.
101
Population
A group of organisms of one species, living in the same area at the same time
102
Community
All of the populations of different species in an ecosystem
103
Typical Growth Curve
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Sigmoid Curve Shape
Lag Phase
Log Phase
Stationary Phase
Death Phase
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104
Fruit Juice Production
Pectinase breaks down pectin polysaccharide in fruit cell walls to release more juice and make juice clearer.
105
Benefits of Biological Washing Powders
Quickly breaks down large insoluble molecules
Effective at lower temperatures
Can be used to clean delicate fabrics
106
Fermenters
Check Biotech and Engineering chapter
107
Genetic Engineering
Changing the genetic material of an organism by removing,changing or inserting individual genes from another organism
108
Process of Genetic engineering
Check the chapter
