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Physics Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Deep to Shallow Water

A

Wave bends toward the normal because Shallow is denser and water slows down as a result.

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2
Q

Light goes from rarer to denser medium

A

Light towards the normal

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3
Q

Refractive Index

A

Speed of light in vacuum ÷ Speed of light in material

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4
Q

Total Internal Reflection

A

When angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle.
Light is moving from denser to less denser material.
All of the light is reflected.

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5
Q

Optical Fibres

A

Used in endoscope, Medicine to see inside patient’s body.

Telephone, Internet and Cable TV Messages

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6
Q

Frequency of Gamma Rays

A

10 to the power 21Hz, -3 each time to get the rest.

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7
Q

Uses of Radiowaves

A

Long Range communication because they can be reflected from the Earth’s atmosphere

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8
Q

Microwaves

A

Satellite communications and heating food.

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9
Q

Infrared Radiation Uses

A

Optical Fibres, Remote Controls

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10
Q

Ultraviolet Radiation

A

For detecting security ink because it fluoresces with UV light

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11
Q

X-Rays Uses

A

To take photographs of bones and Security Scanners in Airports

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12
Q

Gamma Rays

A

To sterilise medical tools

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13
Q

Speed of Sound in Air

A

330 m/s

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14
Q

Speed of sound in water

A

1500 m/s

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15
Q

Speed of Sound in Steel

A

5100 m/s

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16
Q

Ferrous Materials

A

Magnetic Materials including Iron,Nickel and Cobalt. Steel and Ferrite contain Iron. Not all alloys of iron like stainless steel are magnetic

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17
Q

Hard Magnet

A

Difficult to magnetise however retains magnetism well.
Hard Steel
Used for Permanent Magnets, Compass Needles.

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18
Q

Soft Magnets

A

Easy to magnetise but readily loses its magnetism.
Soft Iron
Cores for Electromagnets, Transformers and Radio aerials.

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19
Q

Current

A

The rate at which electric charge passes a point in a Circuit

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20
Q

Electromotive force

A

Energy supplied by a source of electrical energy in driving a charge around a complete circuit.

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21
Q

Resistance and length

A

Proportional to each other

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22
Q

Relation between resistance and crosses section of a wire.

A

Inversely proportional

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23
Q

Potentiometer (Variable Potential Divider)

A

A potentiometer can alter the current flowing through the circuit

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24
Q

Input Transducers

A

The input transducer responds to a change in the environment and produces a voltage.

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25
Transducer
Any device that converts energy from one form to another
26
Light dependent Resistor
A variable resistor whose resistance depends on the amount of light shining on it. Resistance high = Light low Resistance low = Light High
27
Thermistor
A variable resistor whose resistance changes by a large amount over a narrow range of temperatures Resistance changes in a non-linear way.
28
Relay
An electromagnetically operated switch, often when the second circuit involves a large voltage. (2 complete circuits)
29
Diode
A component that only allows current to travel in one direction
30
LED Light emitting diode
Gives out light when a current flows through.
31
Hazard of Damaged Insulation
Person who touches could be subject to lethal shock
32
Hazard of Overheating of Cables
Passing too much current through too small a wire, overheats the wire. Could cause a fire or melt the insulation, exposing live wires
33
Hazard of Damp Conditions near wires
Moisture could conduct electricity either causing a short circuit within a device or posing electrocution risk
34
Fuse
A safety device that cuts off the flow of electricity to an appliance if the current becomes too large . Typically 3A, 5A and 13A
35
Benefits of Earthing metal cases
Causes the supply of electricity to be cut off if a live wire came in contact with the case, making it safe.
36
Residual Current Device
A device used to protect the user in case of an electrical fault.
37
Trip Switch
A device used to protect an electric circuit in case of an electrical fault
38
Field lines of a current
Right Hand Grip Rule
39
Rule for Motors
Fleming's Left hand Rule, Thumb-Thrust Index Finger-Field Middle Finger - Current
40
Split Ring Commutator
Motors | Reverses the flow of current to the coil every half turn , which keeps the coil spinning.
41
How can the turning effect in the motor be increased?
Increase the current Increase the number of turns in the coil Increase the strength of the magnetic field
42
Action of Motor
The current creates a magnetic field around the coil, which interacts with field of the magnets consequently a force is exerted on the coil in accordance to Fleming's Left hand Rule resulting in the coil spinning.
43
How to increase Induced EMF while doing EM Induction
Moving the wire or magnet faster Using a stronger magnet Adding more turns to the coil
44
Rule for AC Generator
Fleming's Right hand Rule Thumb-Thrust First Finger-Field Second Finger-Current
45
AC GENERATOR
As the coil is rotated by some mechanical means, it cuts through the magnetic field lines, inducing an EMF which could then create a current
46
How can more EMF be generated in AC GENERATOR
Turning the coil faster Increasing the strength of the magnetic field Adding more turns to the coil
47
Slip Rings
Attached to the end of the coils,transfer the current to metal brushes while allowing the coil to rotate freely
48
Alternating Current when coil is vertical to the magnetic field
It is at zero
49
Step up Transformer
Increases the voltage of a power source | Secondary coil has more turns than on the primary coil
50
How Transformer works
When AC current is supplied to the primary coil, a changing magnetic field is produced by the primary coil which then passes through the soft Iron core and induces EMF in the secondary coil. This EMF is also AC and has the same frequency as the original current
51
Advantages of using High-Voltage transmission
Less energy is lost which reduces power lost
52
How does High Voltage reduce Power loss?
When Electricity is transmitted over long distances, the current in the wire heats up, resulting in energy loss. When the voltage is raised at which the electricity is transmitted, less energy is lost because of less heat produced from less current
53
Device used to measure count rate
Geiger Muller Tube
54
Alpha Particle
``` Charge +2 Same composition as a Helium Nucleus Most Intense Ionisation Range is 4-5 cm, reduces with increased pressure Can be stopped by thin sheet of paper ```
55
Beta Particle
``` Fast moving electron 1/1836 mass of a proton -1 Charge Can travel further than Alpha Particle Stopped by Thick sheet of Aluminium ```
56
Gamma Rays
Much less Ionisation than Alpha or Beta No charge No mass Very high penetration, can only be stopped by thick sheet of Lead
57
How can radiation affect Living Things
Causes Ionisation (if radiation is intense) in the cell, killing it DNA in the cell nucleus is damaged, which could possibly cause cancer. Cause mutation in gametes, which could have drastic negative consequences for offspring.
58
How are Radioactive materials handled
Kept in thick lead box Tongs are used when handling Safe distance away from the Material
59
Becquerel Bq
SI Unit of activity, 1 Bq= one decay per second
60
Cell
A device that provides a voltage in a circuit by means of a chemical reaction
61
Chemical Energy
Energy stored in chemical substances and which can be released in a chemical reaction
62
Chemical Energy
Energy stored in chemical substances and which can be released in a chemical reaction
63
Circuit Breaker
A safety device that automatically switches off a circuit when the current becomes too high
64
Commutator
A device that allows current to flow from coil to and from the coil of a D.C motor or generator
65
Contaminated
When an object has acquired some unwanted radioactive substance
66
Strain energy
Energy of an object due to it having been stretched or compressed
67
Internal Energy
Energy of an object: | All the kinetic and potential energies of its particles
68
Electric Field
A region of space in which an electric charge will experience a force
69
Nuclide
A species of nucleus having particular values of proton and nucleon number
70
Thermionic Emission
Process by which cathode rays (electrons) are release from heated cathode of a cathode ray tube
71
Work done
The amount of energy transferred when one body exerts a force on another.

IGCSE (5 decks)

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