Biology

Question 1

Spontaneous generation

Answer 1

a reaction that favors the formation of products at the conditions under which the reaction is occurring

Question 2

Controlled variable

Answer 2

An element in an experiment that is held constant

Question 3

Manipulated variable

Answer 3

A variable that can cause something to change

Question 4

Responding variable

Answer 4

The variable that responds to the changes made in an experiment

Question 5

Control

Answer 5

An element that remains unaffected in an experiment

Question 6

Cell Theory:

Answer 6

1. All living things are made up of one or more cells and the materials produced by these cells
2. All life functions take place in cells, making them the smallest unit of life
3. All cells are produced from pre-existing cells through the process of cell division

Question 7

Cell

Answer 7

the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body. It is an open system.

Question 8

Cell membrane

Answer 8

A phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell, it holds the cell together and protects it. It also diffuses in/out and contains embedded proteins that serve many functions

Question 9

Cytoplasm

Answer 9

The gel-like substance inside the cell membrane that contains water and nutrients for the cell

Question 10

Nucleus

Answer 10

The nucleus is the control center of the cell. It contains all the genetic information and tells the cell what to do. It is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear membrane.

Question 11

Nuclear pores

Answer 11

Holes in the nuclear membrane

Question 12

Why is the nucleus the most important part of the cell

Answer 12

• Contains chromatin:
  
  • Long strands of DNA
    -DNA —> Instruction manual
  • Stores genetic information
    Nucleolus:
    Creates rRNA to make ribosomes
    Sends mRNA do ribosomes to produce protein

Question 13

Ribosomes

Answer 13

The site of protein synthesis

- Attached on rough endoplasmic reticulum or free around cytoplasm

Question 14

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 14

organelles that carry proteins and other molecules around the cell

• tubes are connected together, they branch out from the nuclear membrane
• two types, rough ER and smooth ER

Question 15

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 15

• Has ribosomes on its outer surface
• Used for making proteins
• Transport of proteins in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus

Question 16

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 16

• No ribosomes
• Produces lipids, cholesterol, and hormones
• Detoxification breaks down toxins
• Stores ions

Question 17

Unicellular organism

Answer 17

Organisms that are made of only one cell

- Eg – Euglena, amoeba

Question 18

Multicellular organism

Answer 18

Organisms that are made up of MANY cells
- Ex – tree, onion, worm, human
- When a cell becomes too big,
It will divide into two smaller cells.

Question 19

Disadvantages of being multicellular

Answer 19

• Harder for diffusion to happen
• Multicellular organisms developed transport systems for more efficient exchange of materials
  - Ex blood vessels in mammals, phloem and xylem in plants

Question 20

Advantage to having many cells

Answer 20

DIVISION OF LABOUR

• All cells have different functions: they do different things
  
  • Ex – muscle cells, red blood cells, brain cells, etc.

Question 21

Epidermis

Answer 21

The outermost layer of plants (1 cell-layer thick)

Function: gas exchange, protect plants

Question 22

Ground tissue

Answer 22

Parts of the plant body not included in the dermal or vascular tissue system
Function: 
in stems - strengthen and support plant 
in roots - food, water storage
in leaves - photosynthesis

Question 23

Palisade (mesophyll) Tissue

Answer 23

Column (long) shaped mesophyll cells
tightly packed.
Function: photosynthesis

Question 24

Spongy (mesophyll) cells

Answer 24

Layer of loosely spaced mesophyll cells in a leaf, the increased distance between cells promotes diffusion
Function: promotes diffusion

Question 25

Vascular tissue

Answer 25

Transport tissues, formed of cells joined into tubes that carry water and nutrients through the body of the plant Function: transport materials through plants

Question 26

Phloem

Answer 26

Vascular tissue that transports sucrose and other dissolved sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

Question 27

Sieve tube cells

Answer 27

Long hollow cells to transport sugar. (no nucleus!)

Question 28

Companion cells

Answer 28

cells attached to sieve tube cells that direct their activities

Question 29

Meristems

Answer 29

The growth region of the plant with cells that will divide and grow Function: produce more root and shoot tissues to grow

Question 30

Root hairs

Answer 30

Extension of a specialized cell on a plant root | - Function: increase the surface area to maximise water absorption.

Question 31

Guard cells

Answer 31

Specialized cells in the lower epidermal surface. - Only epidermal cells with chloroplasts - Form tiny pores called stomata. - Swell and shrink to control the amount of gas that enter and leave the leaf - Function: open and close the stoma

Question 32

Cuticle

Answer 32

Produced by epidermis cells. A Waxy, waterproof coating that covers plant leaves and stems - Function: resist attack from microorganisms, help reduce water loss

Question 33

Stomata

Answer 33

Little pores that that let the air and water in and out.

Question 34

Cohesion

Answer 34

water molecules are attracted to other water molecules (they like to stick to together)

Question 35

Adhesion

Answer 35

water molecules are attracted to molecules of other substances

Question 36

Transpiration

Answer 36

When water in leaves evaporate

Question 37

Cohesion

Answer 37

the intermolecular attractive force acting between two adjacent portions of a substance, particularly of a solid or liquid

Question 38

The Particle Model of Matter

Answer 38

1) All MATTER is made up of particles 2) Particles are constantly MOVING Solids < liquids < gases 3) Particles of matter are ATTRACTED to one another (or are bonded together) 4) Particles have SPACES in between them

Question 39

Photosynthesis

Answer 39

the process (a series of chemical reactions) that a plant undergoes to use sunlight energy to make its sugar.

Question 40

Cellular Respiration

Answer 40

To have energy to carry out life’s processes, cells must carry out cellular respiration to make energy (ATP) in the mitochondria

Question 41

Plasmolysis

Answer 41

when plants wilt because it does not have enough water

Question 42

Phototropism

Answer 42

how plants grow in response to light

Question 43

Positive phototropism

Answer 43

plants grow TOWARDS light.

Question 44

Negative phototropism

Answer 44

plants grow AWAY from light

Question 45

Gravitropism

Answer 45

plants response to earth’s gravitational force through growth movement

Question 46

Negative gravitropism

Answer 46

plants growing against the gravitational force

Question 47

Positive gravitropism

Answer 47

roots growing towards the gravitational force