Biology

Question 1

___ are extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the center of the skeletal and cardiac muscle. It carry the action potential into the interior of the cell

Answer 1

T-tubules (transverse tubules)

Question 2

the basic contractile unit of muscle fiber. highly organized arrangement of the contractile myofilaments actin (thin filament) and myosin (thick filament), along with other support proteins.

Answer 2

sarcomere

Question 3

an intracellular junction that anchors the ends of cardiac muscle fibers together so the cells do not pull apart during the stress of individual fibers contracting

Answer 3

desmosome

Question 4

are channels for communication between adjacent cells. It allow exchange of ions and small molecules

Answer 4

gap junctions

Question 5

Contractile structure of striated muscle. Are composed of repeating contractile units known as sarcomeres

Answer 5

myofibrils

Question 5

Contractile structure of striated muscle. Are composed of repeating contractile units known as sarcomeres

Answer 5

myofibrils

Question 6

they have an amino acid sequence that is programmed by a unit of inheritance known as gene; thus, they can store and transmit hereditary information

Answer 6

nucleic acids

Question 7

they include polymers, generally with the molecular formulas of the unit CH₂O, thus they can serve as fuel and building material

Answer 7

carbohydrates

Question 8

they have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions; thus, they can serve as structures for support, storage, transport, and cellular signaling, and defense against foreign substances

Answer 8

protein

Question 9

they are assembled from smaller molecules such as glycerol by dehydration reactions, thus, they can store large amounts of energy

Answer 9

lipids

Question 10

Also called migration. It is any movement of individuals, and/or the genetic material they carry, from one population to another.

Answer 10

gene flow

Question 11

the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance

Answer 11

genetic drift

Question 12

Occurs when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as to alter the genetic message carried by that gene

Answer 12

mutation

Question 13

form of passive transport: Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to lower concentration

Answer 13

diffusion

Question 14

form of passive transport when water molecules move from low solute concentration (high water concentration) to high solute or low water concentration across a membrane that is not permeable to the solute

Answer 14

osmosis

Question 15

product/s of light-dependent reaction

Answer 15

ATP, NADPH, O2

Question 16

products of light-independent reaction (Calvin Cycle)

Answer 16

NADP+, ADP, G3P (Two G3P can be made into C6H12O6 → glucose)

Question 17

DNA: naked, circular, usually no introns

prokaryote or eukaryote

Answer 17

prokaryote

Question 18

DNA: bound to protein, linear, double helix, usually has introns

prokaryote or eukaryote

Answer 18

eukaryote

Question 19

organelles: no nucleus, no true membrane-bound nucleus, 70s ribosomes

prokaryote or eukaryote

Answer 19

prokaryote

Question 20

organelles: has a nucleus, has true membrane-bound nucleus, 80s ribosomes

prokaryote or eukaryote

Answer 20

eukaryote

Question 21

~1-5 um

prokaryote or eukaryote

Answer 21

prokaryote

Question 22

~10-100 um

prokaryote or eukaryote

Answer 22

eukaryote

Question 23

metabolic pathway: Large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules. Energy is released

Answer 23

catabolic

Question 24

metabolic pathway: Small molecules are built into large molecules. It requires energy

Answer 24

anabolic

Question 25

endergonic or exergonic free energy is released

Answer 25

exergonic

Question 26

endergonic or exergonic downhill reaction (more energy in reactants than product)

Answer 26

exergonic

Question 27

endergonic or exergonic free energy is absorbed

Answer 27

endergonic

Question 28

endergonic or exergonic uphill reaction (products contain higher energy than the reactant)

Answer 28

endergonic

Question 29

endergonic or exergonic the reaction is non-spontaneous and unfavorable

Answer 29

endergonic

Question 30

endergonic or exergonic the reaction is spontaneous and favorable

Answer 30

exergonic

Question 31

cell cycle: DNA polymerase is at its highest at ____

Answer 31

S phase

Question 32

cell cycle: they regulate the activation of several genes whose products are required for DNA synthesis.

Answer 32

E2Fs

Question 33

cell cycle: a critical tumor suppressor gene that blocks cell cycle progression by inhibiting E2F transcription factors when unphosphorylated. this inhibits the cell from entering to ____ phase

Answer 33

Rb (retinoblastoma protein); S phase

Question 34

what are needed for light-dependent reaction to take place?

Answer 34

sunlight, NADP+. ADH, H2O

Question 35

what are needed for light-independent reaction (Calvin cycle) to take place?

Answer 35

ATP, NADPH, CO2

Question 36

mechanism of evolution: individuals with certain traits will survive and reproduce more than individuals who lack traits that fit into their living environment

Answer 36

natural selection

Question 37

mechanism of evolution: the process by which humans choose individual organisms with certain phenotypic trait values for breeding

Answer 37

artificial selection

Question 38

any of the proteins that mediate the transport of various molecules across biological membranes

Answer 38

permease

Question 39

an enzyme which can connect two strands of DNA together by forming a bond between the phosphate group of one strand and the deoxyribose group on another

Answer 39

DNA ligase

Question 40

enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester bond within a polynucleotide chain.

Answer 40

Endonuclease

Question 41

an enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid onto its tRNA

Answer 41

tRNA synthetase

Question 42

is characterized by the presence of F or fertility factor. It is also called the sex factor as it helps in the transfer of genetic materials from one bacterium to another through conjugation

Answer 42

F Plasmid

Question 43

just any plasmid containing an antibiotic Resistance gene.

Answer 43

R plasmid

Question 44

A bacteriophage that displays lysogenic life cycle

Answer 44

Temperate phage

Question 45

A bacteriophage, that infects the bacterial species Escherichia coli

Answer 45

Lambda phage